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•TED TALKS•, Stefan Larsson: What doctors can learn from each other

Stefan Larsson: What doctors can learn from each other

Five years ago, I was on a sabbatical, and I returned to the medical university where I studied.

I saw real patients and I wore the white coat for the first time in 17 years, in fact since I became a management consultant. There were two things that surprised me during the month I spent.

The first one was that the common theme of the discussions we had were hospital budgets and cost-cutting, and the second thing, which really bothered me, actually, was that several of the colleagues I met,former friends from medical school, who I knew to be some of the smartest, most motivated, engaged and passionate people I'd ever met, many of them had turned cynical, disengaged,or had distanced themselves from hospital management. So with this focus on cost-cutting,I asked myself, are we forgetting the patient? Many countries that you represent and where I come from struggle with the cost of healthcare.

It's a big part of the national budgets. And many different reforms aim at holding back this growth. In some countries, we have long waiting times for patients for surgery. In other countries, new drugs are not being reimbursed, and therefore don't reach patients. In several countries, doctors and nurses are the targets, to some extent, for the governments.After all, the costly decisions in health care are taken by doctors and nurses. You choose an expensive lab test, you choose to operate on an old and frail patient. So, by limiting the degrees of freedom of physicians, this is a way to hold costs down. And ultimately, some physicians will say today that they don't have the full liberty to make the choices they think are right for their patients. So no wonder that some of my old colleagues are frustrated. At BCG, we looked at this, and we asked ourselves, this can't be the right way of managing healthcare.

And so we took a step back and we said, "What is it that we are trying to achieve? " Ultimately, in the healthcare system, we're aiming at improving health for the patients, and we need to do so at a limited, or affordable, cost. We call this value-based healthcare. On the screen behind me, you see what we mean by value: outcomes that matter to patients relative to the money we spend. This was described beautifully in a book in 2006 by Michael Porter and Elizabeth Teisberg. On this picture, you have my father-in-law surrounded by his three beautiful daughters.When we started doing our research at BCG, we decided not to look so much at the costs,but to look at the quality instead, and in the research, one of the things that fascinated us was the variation we saw.

You compare hospitals in a country, you'll find some that are extremely good, but you'll find a large number that are vastly much worse. The differences were dramatic. Erik, my father-in-law, he suffers from prostate cancer, and he probably needs surgery. Now living in Europe, he can choose to go to Germany that has a well-reputed healthcare system. If he goes there and goes to the average hospital, he will have the risk of becoming incontinent by about 50 percent, so he would have to start wearing diapers again. You flip a coin. Fifty percent risk. That's quite a lot. If he instead would go to Hamburg, and to a clinic called the Martini-Klinik, the risk would be only one in 20. Either you a flip a coin, or you have a one in 20 risk. That's a huge difference, a seven-fold difference. When we look at many hospitals for many different diseases, we see these huge differences. But you and I don't know.

We don't have the data. And often, the data actually doesn't exist.Nobody knows. So going the hospital is a lottery. Now, it doesn't have to be that way.

There is hope. In the late '70s, there were a group of Swedish orthopedic surgeons who met at their annual meeting, and they were discussing the different procedures they used to operate hip surgery. To the left of this slide, you see a variety of metal pieces, artificial hips that you would use for somebody who needs a new hip. They all realized they had their individual way of operating. They all argued that, "My technique is the best," but none of them actually knew, and they admitted that. So they said, "We probably need to measure quality so we know and can learn from what's best. "So they in fact spent two years debating, "So what is quality in hip surgery? " "Oh, we should measure this." "No, we should measure that. " And they finally agreed. And once they had agreed, they started measuring, and started sharing the data. Very quickly, they found that if you put cement in the bone of the patient before you put the metal shaft in, it actually lasted a lot longer, and most patients would never have to be re-operated on in their lifetime. They published the data, and it actually transformed clinical practice in the country.Everybody saw this makes a lot of sense. Since then, they publish every year. Once a year, they publish the league table: who's best, who's at the bottom? And they visit each other to try to learn, so a continuous cycle of improvement. For many years, Swedish hip surgeons had the best results in the world, at least for those who actually were measuring, and many were not. Now I found this principle really exciting.

So the physicians get together, they agree on what quality is, they start measuring, they share the data, they find who's best, and they learn from it. Continuous improvement. Now, that's not the only exciting part.

That's exciting in itself. But if you bring back the cost side of the equation, and look at that, it turns out, those who have focused on quality, they actually also have the lowest costs, although that's not been the purpose in the first place.So if you look at the hip surgery story again, there was a study done a couple years ago where they compared the U.S. and Sweden. They looked at how many patients have needed to be re-operated on seven years after the first surgery. In the United States, the number was three times higher than in Sweden. So many unnecessary surgeries, and so much unnecessary suffering for all the patients who were operated on in that seven year period. Now, you can imagine how much savings there would be for society. We did a study where we looked at OECD data.

OECD does, every so often, look at quality of care where they can find the data across the member countries. The United States has, for many diseases, actually a quality which is below the average in OECD. Now, if the American healthcare system would focus a lot more on measuring quality, and raise quality just to the level of average OECD, it would save the American people 500 billion U.S. dollars a year. That's 20 percent of the budget, of the healthcare budget of the country. Now you may say that these numbers are fantastic, and it's all logical, but is it possible?This would be a paradigm shift in healthcare, and I would argue that not only can it be done,but it has to be done.

The agents of change are the doctors and nurses in the healthcare system. In my practice as a consultant, I meet probably a hundred or more than a hundred doctors and nurses and other hospital or healthcare staff every year.

The one thing they have in common is they really care about what they achieve in terms of quality for their patients.Physicians are, like most of you in the audience, very competitive. They were always best in class. We were always best in class. And if somebody can show them that the result they perform for their patients is no better than what others do, they will do whatever it takes to improve. But most of them don't know. But physicians have another characteristic. They actually thrive from peer recognition. If a cardiologist calls another cardiologist in a competing hospital and discusses why that other hospital has so much better results, they will share. They will share the information on how to improve. So it is, by measuring and creating transparency, you get a cycle of continuous improvement, which is what this slide shows. Now, you may say this is a nice idea, but this isn't only an idea.

This is happening in reality. We're creating a global community, and a large global community, where we'll be able to measure and compare what we achieve. Together with two academic institutions,Michael Porter at Harvard Business School, and the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, BCG has formed something we call ICHOM. You may think that's a sneeze, but it's not a sneeze, it's an acronym. It stands for the International Consortium for Health Outcome Measurement. We're bringing together leading physicians and patients to discuss, disease by disease, what is really quality, what should we measure, and to make those standards global. They've worked -- four working groups have worked during the past year: cataracts, back pain, coronary artery disease, which is, for instance, heart attack, and prostate cancer. The four groups will publish their data in November of this year. That's the first time we'll be comparing apples to apples, not only within a country, but between countries. Next year, we're planning to do eight diseases, the year after, 16. In three years' time, we plan to have covered 40 percent of the disease burden. Compare apples to apples. Who's better?Why is that? Five months ago, I led a workshop at the largest university hospital in Northern Europe.They have a new CEO, and she has a vision: I want to manage my big institution much more on quality, outcomes that matter to patients.

This particular day, we sat in a workshop together with physicians, nurses and other staff, discussing leukemia in children. The group discussed, how do we measure quality today? Can we measure it better than we do? We discussed, how do we treat these kids, what are important improvements? And we discussed what are the costs for these patients, can we do treatment more efficiently?There was an enormous energy in the room. There were so many ideas, so much enthusiasm. At the end of the meeting, the chairman of the department, he stood up. He looked over the group and he said -- first he raised his hand, I forgot that -- he raised his hand, clenched his fist, and then he said to the group, "Thank you. Thank you.

Today, we're finally discussing what this hospital does the right way. By measuring value in healthcare, that is not only costs but outcomes that matter to patients, we will make staff in hospitals and elsewhere in the healthcare system not a problem but an important part of the solution.

I believe measuring value in healthcare will bring about a revolution, and I'm convinced that the founder of modern medicine, the Greek Hippocrates, who always put the patient at the center, he would smile in his grave. Thank you.

(Applause)

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Stefan Larsson: What doctors can learn from each other 斯特凡|||||||| |Larsson||||||| ステファン|ラルソン||||||| Stefan|Larsson||||||| |Larsson||||||| Stefan Larsson: Was Ärzte voneinander lernen können Stefan Larsson: Τι μπορούν να μάθουν οι γιατροί ο ένας από τον άλλο Stefan Larsson: Lo que los médicos pueden aprender unos de otros Stefan Larsson : Ce que les médecins peuvent apprendre les uns des autres ステファン・ラーション:医師同士が学び合えること 스테판 라슨: 의사들이 서로에게 배울 수 있는 점 Stefanas Larssonas: Ko gydytojai gali pasimokyti vieni iš kitų Stefan Larsson: Czego lekarze mogą się od siebie nauczyć? Stefan Larsson: O que os médicos podem aprender uns com os outros Стефан Ларссон: Чему врачи могут научиться друг у друга Stefan Larsson: Doktorlar birbirlerinden ne öğrenebilir? Стефан Ларссон: Чого лікарі можуть навчитися один від одного Stefan Larsson:医生可以互相学习什么 Stefan Larsson:醫生可以互相學習什麼

Five years ago, I was on a sabbatical, and I returned to the medical university where I studied. |||||||Sabbatical|||||||||| |||||||extended leave|||||||||| |||||||休暇|||||||||| |||||||sabbatical|||||||||| |||||||sabatical|||||||||| 五年前,我在休假期间,回到了我学习过的医科大学。

I saw real patients and I wore the white coat for the first time in 17 years, in fact since I became a management consultant. ||||||llevé||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||Berater |||患者||私は|着た|||||||時間|||||||||| ||||||usei||||||||||||||||| 私は本物の患者を見て、実際には経営コンサルタントになってから17年ぶりに白衣を着ました。 我看到了真正的病人,并且我第一次穿上白大褂,实际上是自从我成为管理顾问以来的17年。 There were two things that surprised me during the month I spent. 私が過ごした1か月の間に驚いたことが2つありました。 在我度过的一个月里,有两件事让我感到惊讶。

The first one was that the common theme of the discussions we had were hospital budgets and cost-cutting, and the second thing, which really bothered me, actually, was that several of the colleagues I met,former friends from medical school, who I knew to be some of the smartest, most motivated, engaged and passionate people I’d ever met, many of them had turned cynical, disengaged,or had distanced themselves from hospital management. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||отстранены||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||me incomodou||||||||colegas||||||||||||||||mais inteligente|||||passionada|||||||||||desvinculados|||distanciados|||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||zynisch|abgeschaltet|||distanziert|||| ||||||||||讨论||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||愤世嫉俗||||疏远了|||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||気にさせた|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||皮肉な| disengaged|||距離を置いた|||| |||||||||||||||presupuestos||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||desconectados|||distanciados|||| 1つ目は、私たちの議論の共通のテーマが病院の予算とコスト削減であったこと、2つ目は、実際に私を悩ませたのは、私が知っていた医学校の元友人で、最も頭が良く、やる気があり、関与し情熱的な人々の中の何人かが、シニカルになったり、関与しなくなったり、病院管理から距離を置いていたことです。 So with this focus on cost-cutting,I asked myself, are we forgetting the patient? Así que con este enfoque en la reducción de costes, me pregunté, ¿nos estamos olvidando del paciente? Поэтому, сосредоточив внимание на сокращении расходов, я спросил себя: забываем ли мы о пациенте? Many countries that you represent and where I come from struggle with the cost of healthcare. |||||||||||||||soins de santé ||||||||||kämpfen|||||Gesundheitsversorgung |||||||||||||||医療 |||||||||||||||saúde あなたが代表する多くの国や私が来た国は、医療費の負担に苦しんでいます。 Многие страны, которые вы представляете, и где я родом из борьбы со стоимостью здравоохранения.

It’s a big part of the national budgets. それは国家予算の大きな部分を占めています。 And many different reforms aim at holding back this growth. |||Reformen|||||| |||改革|||||| Y muchas reformas diferentes pretenden frenar este crecimiento. そして、さまざまな改革がこの成長を抑制することを目的としています。 И многие различные реформы направлены на сдерживание этого роста. In some countries, we have long waiting times for patients for surgery. いくつかの国では、手術のための患者の待機時間が長くなっています。 In other countries, new drugs are not being reimbursed, and therefore don’t reach patients. ||||||||erstattet||||| ||||||||covered by insurance||||| ||||||||払い戻されて||||| ||||||||reembolsadas||||| ||||||||reembolsadas||portanto||chegam| In anderen Ländern werden neue Medikamente nicht erstattet, und erreichen daher die Patienten nicht. En otros países, los nuevos medicamentos no se reembolsan y, por tanto, no llegan a los pacientes. 他の国では、新薬が reimbursed されておらず、そのため患者に届いていません。 In several countries, doctors and nurses are the targets, to some extent, for the governments.After all, the costly decisions in health care are taken by doctors and nurses. |||||||||||程度|||||||高価な|||||||||| ||||||||os alvos|||grau||||Depois|||custosas|||||||||| In mehreren Ländern sind Ärzte und Pflegekräfte bis zu einem gewissen Grad die Ziele der Regierungen. Schließlich werden die kostspieligen Entscheidungen im Gesundheitswesen von Ärzten und Pflegekräften getroffen. いくつかの国では、医師と看護師は政府にとってある程度のターゲットになっています。結局のところ、医療における高額な決定は医師と看護師によって下されます。 В нескольких странах врачи и медсестры являются целью, в определенной степени, для правительств. В конце концов, дорогостоящие решения в области здравоохранения принимаются врачами и медсестрами. You choose an expensive lab test, you choose to operate on an old and frail patient. ||||||||||||||frágil| |||||||||operieren|||||| ||||||||||||||虚弱な| |||||||escolhe|||||||frágil| Sie wählen einen teuren Labortest, Sie entscheiden sich, einen alten und gebrechlichen Patienten zu operieren. You choose an expensive lab test, you choose to operate on an old and frail patient. あなたは高価な検査を選び、高齢で虚弱な患者に手術をすることを選びます。 Вы выбираете дорогостоящий лабораторный тест, вы выбираете работу на старом и хрупком пациенте. So, by limiting the degrees of freedom of physicians, this is a way to hold costs down. ||indem man einschränkt||||||Ärzte|||||||| ||制限する||自由度||||医師|||||||| Durch die Einschränkung der Freiheiten der Ärzte ist dies eine Möglichkeit, die Kosten niedrig zu halten. したがって、医師の自由度を制限することで、コストを抑える方法となります。 Таким образом, ограничивая степень свободы врачей, это способ снизить издержки. And ultimately, some physicians will say today that they don’t have the full liberty to make the choices they think are right for their patients. |||||||||||||自由||||||||||| そして最終的に、今日の一部の医師は、患者にとって正しいと思う選択をする全ての自由がないと言うでしょう。 И, в конечном счете, некоторые врачи скажут сегодня, что у них нет полной свободы, чтобы сделать выбор, который они считают правильным для своих пациентов. So no wonder that some of my old colleagues are frustrated. Así que no es de extrañar que algunos de mis antiguos colegas se sientan frustrados. だから、私の古い同僚の中にはフラストレーションを感じている人がいるのも無理はない。 At BCG, we looked at this, and we asked ourselves, this can’t be the right way of managing healthcare. |BCG||||||||||||||||| |BCG||||||||||||||||managen| |BCG||||||||自分たち||||||||| |BCG||||||||||||||||| |BCG||||||||||||||||| BCGではこれを検討し、私たちは自問しました。これは医療を管理する正しい方法ではないはずだ。

And so we took a step back and we said, "What is it that we are trying to achieve? ||||||||||||||||||atteindre ||||||||||||||||||erreichen そこで私たちは一歩引いて、"私たちが達成しようとしていることは何か?"と言いました。 Итак, мы сделали шаг назад, и мы сказали: «Что мы пытаемся достичь? " Ultimately, in the healthcare system, we’re aiming at improving health for the patients, and we need to do so at a limited, or affordable, cost. |||||||||||||||||||||||abordable| ||||||zielen|||||||||||||||||| 最終的に||||||目指している|||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||acessível| 最終的には、医療システムにおいて、私たちは患者の健康を改善することを目指しており、それを限られた、または手頃なコストで行う必要があります。 «В конечном счете, в системе здравоохранения мы стремимся улучшить здоровье пациентов, и нам нужно делать это по ограниченной или доступной цене. We call this value-based healthcare. Мы называем это основанной на ценностях медицинской помощью. On the screen behind me, you see what we mean by value: outcomes that matter to patients relative to the money we spend. ||||||||||||résultats|||||||||| En la pantalla que tengo detrás pueden ver lo que entendemos por valor: resultados que importan a los pacientes en relación con el dinero que gastamos. Sur l'écran derrière moi, vous voyez ce que nous entendons par valeur : des résultats qui comptent pour les patients par rapport à l'argent que nous dépensons. 私の後ろのスクリーンには、私たちが価値と呼ぶものが映っています。つまり、私たちが費やすお金に対して患者にとって重要な結果です。 На экране позади меня вы видите, что мы подразумеваем под ценностью: результаты, которые имеют значение для пациентов по сравнению с деньгами, которые мы тратим. This was described beautifully in a book in 2006 by Michael Porter and Elizabeth Teisberg. |||||||||||||Тейсберг |||||||||||||Teisberg ||||||||||Porter|||Teisberg ||||||||||Porter|||Teisberg |||||||||||||テイスバーグ これは2006年にマイケル・ポーターとエリザベス・ティースバーグによって書かれた本で美しく説明されました。 On this picture, you have my father-in-law surrounded by his three beautiful daughters.When we started doing our research at BCG, we decided not to look so much at the costs,but to look at the quality instead, and in the research, one of the things that fascinated us was the variation we saw. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Variation|| |||||||||囲まれて|||||娘たち|||||||||||||||||||||||||代わりに||||||||||魅了された|||||| この写真には、義理の父が彼の美しい三人の娘に囲まれています。私たちがBCGで研究を始めたとき、私たちはコストにあまり注目せず、代わりに品質に目を向けることにしました。そして、その研究の中で私たちを魅了したことの一つは、私たちが見た変動性でした。 На этой картине у вас есть мой тесть, окруженный тремя его прекрасными дочерьми. Когда мы начали делать наши исследования в BCG, мы решили не смотреть так дорого на затраты, но вместо этого смотреть на качество, а также на исследования, одна из вещей, которые очаровали нас, - это вариация, которую мы видели.

You compare hospitals in a country, you’ll find some that are extremely good, but you’ll find a large number that are vastly much worse. |||||||||||||||||||||weitaus|| |||||||||||||||||||||はるかに|| ||os hospitais|||||||||||||||||||muito|| The differences were dramatic. Erik, my father-in-law, he suffers from prostate cancer, and he probably needs surgery. Erik||||||||Prostata||||||Operation ||||||患っている||前立腺|||||| Erik||||||sofre|||||||| Now living in Europe, he can choose to go to Germany that has a well-reputed healthcare system. |||||||||||||||renommiertes|| |||||||||||||||highly regarded|| |||||||||||||||評判の|| |||||||||||||||reputado|| |||||||||||||||reputado|| If he goes there and goes to the average hospital, he will have the risk of becoming incontinent by about 50 percent, so he would have to start wearing diapers again. |||||||||||||||||недержание|||||||||||| ||||||||hôpital moyen||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||unable to control|||||||||||adult incontinence products| |||||||||||||||||incontinente|||||||||||fraldas| |||||||||||||||||inkontinent|||||||||||Windeln| |||||||||||||||||失禁|||||||||||おむつ| |||||||||||||||||incontinente|||||||||||| Si va allí y va al hospital medio, tendrá un riesgo de incontinencia de alrededor del 50 por ciento, por lo que tendría que empezar a llevar pañales de nuevo. S'il va dans un hôpital moyen, il aura un risque d'incontinence d'environ 50 %, et devra donc recommencer à porter des couches. You flip a coin. |lança||moeda Vous jouez à pile ou face. Fifty percent risk. That’s quite a lot. If he instead would go to Hamburg, and to a clinic called the Martini-Klinik, the risk would be only one in 20. ||||||||||||||Klinik||||||| ||||||Hamburg|||||||Martini|Klinik||||||| |||||||||||||マルティーニ|クリニック||||||| ||||||Hamburgo|||||||Martini|clínica||||||| Si, en cambio, acudiera a Hamburgo, a una clínica llamada Martini-Klinik, el riesgo sería sólo de uno entre veinte. Если он вместо этого отправится в Гамбург, а в клинику под названием «Мартини-клиник», риск будет всего один на 20. Either you a flip a coin, or you have a one in 20 risk. Либо вы переворачиваете монету, либо у вас есть риск одного из 20. That’s a huge difference, a seven-fold difference. ||||||fach| Es una diferencia enorme, siete veces mayor. Это огромная разница, разница в семь раз. When we look at many hospitals for many different diseases, we see these huge differences. |||||||||Krankheiten||||| |||||病院||||||||| Когда мы смотрим на многие больницы для многих разных заболеваний, мы видим эти огромные различия. But you and I don’t know.

We don’t have the data. And often, the data actually doesn’t exist.Nobody knows. So going the hospital is a lottery. Поэтому посещение больницы - это лотерея. Now, it doesn’t have to be that way. Теперь этого не должно быть.

There is hope. In the late '70s, there were a group of Swedish orthopedic surgeons who met at their annual meeting, and they were discussing the different procedures they used to operate hip surgery. ||||||||||||||||||||||||Verfahren|||||Hüfte| ||||||||||정형외과|||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||スウェーデンの|||||||||||||||手術方法|||||股関節| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||anca| In den späten 70er Jahren gab es eine Gruppe schwedischer Orthopäden, die sich bei ihrem jährlichen Treffen trafen und die verschiedenen Verfahren diskutierten, die sie für Hüftoperationen verwendeten. To the left of this slide, you see a variety of metal pieces, artificial hips that you would use for somebody who needs a new hip. ||||||||||||||hanches artificielles||||||||||| ||||||||||||||Hüften|||||für|||||| ||||||||||||||股関節|||||||||||股関節 |||||transparência|||||||||quadris||||||||||| Links auf dieser Folie sehen Sie eine Vielzahl von Metallteilen, künstlichen Hüften, die Sie für jemanden verwenden würden, der eine neue Hüfte benötigt. A la izquierda de esta diapositiva, se ve una variedad de piezas metálicas, caderas artificiales que se utilizarían para alguien que necesita una cadera nueva. They all realized they had their individual way of operating. ||perceberam||||||| Sie alle erkannten, dass sie ihre eigene Art hatten, zu operieren. They all argued that, "My technique is the best," but none of them actually knew, and they admitted that. ||behaupteten|||Technik||||||||||||| So they said, "We probably need to measure quality so we know and can learn from what’s best. "So they in fact spent two years debating, "So what is quality in hip surgery? |||||||debattieren||||||| |||||||議論して||||||| |||||||discutindo||||||| «Поэтому они фактически провели два года, обсуждая:« Так что же такое качество в хирургии бедра? " "Oh, we should measure this." " "ああ、これを測定するべきです。" "No, we should measure that. "いいえ、あれを測定するべきです。" " And they finally agreed. " Und sie stimmten endlich zu. "そして彼らは最終的に同意しました。" And once they had agreed, they started measuring, and started sharing the data. Und nachdem sie zugestimmt hatten, begannen sie mit dem Messen und teilten die Daten. Very quickly, they found that if you put cement in the bone of the patient before you put the metal shaft in, it actually lasted a lot longer, and most patients would never have to be re-operated on in their lifetime. ||||||||||||||||||||vástago||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||Schaft|||||||||||||||||operiert|||| ||||||||セメント|||骨|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||cimento||||||||||||haste|||||||||||||||||reoperados|||| Sehr schnell fanden sie heraus, dass, wenn man Zement in den Knochen des Patienten einfüllt, bevor man die metallene Welle einsetzt, es tatsächlich viel länger hält und die meisten Patienten in ihrem Leben niemals erneut operiert werden müssen. Muy pronto descubrieron que si se ponía cemento en el hueso del paciente antes de colocar el vástago metálico, en realidad duraba mucho más y la mayoría de los pacientes no tenían que volver a ser operados en toda su vida. They published the data, and it actually transformed clinical practice in the country.Everybody saw this makes a lot of sense. |||||||変わった||||||||||||| |||||||transformou||||||||||||| 彼らはデータを公開し、それは実際に国内の臨床実践を変革しました。みんながこれがとても理にかなっていると感じました。 Since then, they publish every year. それ以来、彼らは毎年公開しています。 Once a year, they publish the league table: who’s best, who’s at the bottom? Une fois par an, ils publient le classement : qui est le meilleur, qui est le moins bon ? 年に一度、リーグテーブルを公開します:誰が一番、誰が最下位ですか? And they visit each other to try to learn, so a continuous cycle of improvement. ||||||||||||||向上 そして彼らは互いに訪れ合い、学ぶことを試みるので、改善の継続的なサイクルが生まれます。 И они посещают друг друга, чтобы попытаться учиться, поэтому непрерывный цикл улучшения. For many years, Swedish hip surgeons had the best results in the world, at least for those who actually were measuring, and many were not. |||||Chirurgen|||besten||||||||||||gemessen|||| |||||外科医||||||||||||||||||| Seit vielen Jahren hatten schwedische Hüftchirurgen die besten Ergebnisse der Welt, zumindest für diejenigen, die tatsächlich maßen, und viele taten dies nicht. Pendant de nombreuses années, les chirurgiens suédois de la hanche ont obtenu les meilleurs résultats au monde, du moins pour ceux qui prenaient des mesures, ce qui n'était pas le cas de beaucoup d'entre eux. 数年間、スウェーデンの股関節外科医は、世界で最高の結果を出していました。実際に測定していた人々にとっては、少なくともそうです。そして、多くの人々は測定していませんでした。 На протяжении многих лет шведские хип-хирурги имели лучшие результаты в мире, по крайней мере, для тех, кто на самом деле измерял, а многие не были. Now I found this principle really exciting. ||||||spannend Nun fand ich dieses Prinzip wirklich spannend. 今、この原則を本当に刺激的だと感じました。

So the physicians get together, they agree on what quality is, they start measuring, they share the data, they find who’s best, and they learn from it. |||||||||||||medindo||||||||||||| Also kommen die Ärzte zusammen, sie einigen sich darauf, was Qualität ist, sie beginnen zu messen, sie teilen die Daten, sie finden heraus, wer der Beste ist, und sie lernen daraus. 医師たちが集まり、何が質であるかに合意し、測定を始め、データを共有し、誰が最も優れているかを見つけ、そこから学びます。 Continuous improvement. |Verbesserung 継続的な改善。 Непрерывное улучшение. Now, that’s not the only exciting part. |||||spannende| さて、それが唯一のエキサイティングな部分ではありません。 Теперь это не единственная захватывающая часть.

That’s exciting in itself. Это захватывающе само по себе. But if you bring back the cost side of the equation, and look at that, it turns out, those who have focused on quality, they actually also have the lowest costs, although that’s not been the purpose in the first place.So if you look at the hip surgery story again, there was a study done a couple years ago where they compared the U.S. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||hanches|||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||Gleichung|||||||||||||||||||niedrigsten|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||式(1)||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||eso||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Aber wenn Sie die Kostenseite der Gleichung wieder ins Spiel bringen und sich das ansehen, stellt sich heraus, dass diejenigen, die sich auf Qualität konzentriert haben, tatsächlich auch die niedrigsten Kosten haben, obwohl das nicht von Anfang an der Zweck war. Wenn Sie sich die Geschichte der Hüftoperation erneut ansehen, gab es vor ein paar Jahren eine Studie, bei der die USA verglichen wurden. しかし、コスト面を考慮に入れると、質に焦点を当てた人々は実際には最も低コストであることがわかります。これは最初の目的ではありませんでした。再び股関節手術の話を見てみると、数年前に行われた研究があり、アメリカを比較しました。 Но если вы вернете стоимость уравнения и посмотрите на это, оказывается, те, кто сосредоточился на качестве, на самом деле они также имеют самые низкие издержки, хотя это и не было целью в первую очередь. Так что если вы снова взгляните на историю хирургии бедра, было проведено пару лет назад, где они сравнили США and Sweden. und Schweden. They looked at how many patients have needed to be re-operated on seven years after the first surgery. ||||||||||||||||||Operation Sie untersuchten, wie viele Patienten sieben Jahre nach der ersten Operation erneut operiert werden mussten. 彼らは、最初の手術から7年後に再手術が必要になった患者の数を調べました。 In the United States, the number was three times higher than in Sweden. アメリカでは、その数はスウェーデンの3倍でした。 So many unnecessary surgeries, and so much unnecessary suffering for all the patients who were operated on in that seven year period. |||Operationen|||||Leiden||||||||||||| |||手術|||||||||||||||||| そんなに多くの不必要な手術が行われ、そしてその7年間に手術を受けたすべての患者にとって、多くの不必要な苦しみがありました。 Now, you can imagine how much savings there would be for society. 今、あなたは社会にどれほどの貯蓄があるのか想像できるでしょう。 We did a study where we looked at OECD data. ||||||||OECD| ||||||||OECD| 私たちはOECDのデータを見て行った研究をしました。

OECD does, every so often, look at quality of care where they can find the data across the member countries. De vez en cuando, la OCDE examina la calidad de la asistencia en los países miembros. OECDは、時折、加盟国間でデータを見つけられるところでケアの質を調査します。 The United States has, for many diseases, actually a quality which is below the average in OECD. アメリカ合衆国は、多くの病気に関して、実際にはOECDの平均を下回る品質を持っています。 Now, if the American healthcare system would focus a lot more on measuring quality, and raise quality just to the level of average OECD, it would save the American people 500 billion U.S. |||||||||||||||heben||||||||||||||||| 今、アメリカの医療制度が質の測定にもっと重点を置き、質をOECDの平均レベルまで引き上げれば、アメリカの人々は年間5000億ドルを節約できるでしょう。 dollars a year. ドルです。 That’s 20 percent of the budget, of the healthcare budget of the country. それは国の医療予算の20パーセントです。 Now you may say that these numbers are fantastic, and it’s all logical, but is it possible?This would be a paradigm shift in healthcare, and I would argue that not only can it be done,but it has to be done. |||||||||||||||||||||Paradigmenwechsel|||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||パラダイム|||||||主張する||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||paradigma|||||||||||||||||||| Il s'agirait d'un changement de paradigme dans les soins de santé, et je dirais que non seulement c'est possible, mais que cela doit être fait. 今、これらの数字は素晴らしく、全て論理的だと言うかもしれませんが、実際に可能なのでしょうか?これは医療分野におけるパラダイムシフトであり、私はそれが実現できるだけでなく、実現しなければならないと主張します。

The agents of change are the doctors and nurses in the healthcare system. ||||||||Krankenschwestern|||| 変化の担い手は医療システムの医師と看護師です。 Агенты перемен - врачи и медсестры в системе здравоохранения. In my practice as a consultant, I meet probably a hundred or more than a hundred doctors and nurses and other hospital or healthcare staff every year. |||||Beraterin|||||||||||||Krankenschwestern|||||||| コンサルタントとしての私の実践では、毎年おそらく100人以上の医師や看護師、その他の病院や医療スタッフに会います。 В моей практике в качестве консультанта я встречаю, вероятно, сотни или более ста врачей и медсестер и других больничных или медицинских работников каждый год.

The one thing they have in common is they really care about what they achieve in terms of quality for their patients.Physicians are, like most of you in the audience, very competitive. ||||||||||||||||||||||os médicos|||a maioria|||||público|| 彼らに共通する唯一のことは、患者のための品質向上に本当に気を使っているということです。医師たちは、観客の皆さんのように、非常に競争心が強いです。 They were always best in class. 彼らは常にクラスの中で最も優れていました。 Они всегда были лучшими в классе. We were always best in class. And if somebody can show them that the result they perform for their patients is no better than what others do, they will do whatever it takes to improve. ||||||||||erzielen||||||||||||||||||verbessern ||誰か|||||||||||||||||||||||||| But most of them don’t know. But physicians have another characteristic. They actually thrive from peer recognition. ||gedeihen||| |||||承認 |na verdade|prosperam||| De hecho, prosperan con el reconocimiento de sus compañeros. En fait, ils s'épanouissent grâce à la reconnaissance de leurs pairs. Они действительно процветают от признания сверстников. If a cardiologist calls another cardiologist in a competing hospital and discusses why that other hospital has so much better results, they will share. ||||||||konkurrierenden|||bespricht|||||||||||| |||||||||||話す|||||||||||| |||||||||||discute|||||||||||| They will share the information on how to improve. So it is, by measuring and creating transparency, you get a cycle of continuous improvement, which is what this slide shows. Таким образом, путем измерения и создания прозрачности вы получаете цикл непрерывного улучшения, что и демонстрирует этот слайд. Now, you may say this is a nice idea, but this isn’t only an idea.

This is happening in reality. We’re creating a global community, and a large global community, where we’ll be able to measure and compare what we achieve. ||||||||||||||||||||réalisons |||||||||||||||||vergleichen||| Together with two academic institutions,Michael Porter at Harvard Business School, and the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, BCG has formed something we call ICHOM. |||||||||||||Karolinska||||||||||ICHOM |||||||||||||カロリンスカ||||||||||ICHOM |||||||||||||Karolinska||||||||||ICHOM |||||||||||||Karolinska||||||||||ICHOM You may think that’s a sneeze, but it’s not a sneeze, it’s an acronym. ||||||||||éternuement||| |||||Niesen||||||||Akronym ||||||||||Acronym, not sneeze.||| |||||くしゃみ|||||スニーズ|||頭字語 |||||espirro||||||||um acrônimo Puede que pienses que es un estornudo, pero no es un estornudo, es un acrónimo. It stands for the International Consortium for Health Outcome Measurement. |||||Konsortium||||Messung |||||コンソーシアム||||測定 |||||Consórcio|||Resultado|Medida Son las siglas del Consorcio Internacional para la Medición de los Resultados Sanitarios. Он выступает за Международный консорциум по оценке результатов в области здравоохранения. We’re bringing together leading physicians and patients to discuss, disease by disease, what is really quality, what should we measure, and to make those standards global. |||優れた|||||||||||||||||||||| 主要な医師と患者を集め、病気ごとに質とは何か、何を測定すべきかを話し合い、これらの基準を世界的に広めることを目指しています。 Мы объединяем ведущих врачей и пациентов, чтобы обсудить, болезнь от болезней, что действительно качество, что мы должны измерять и сделать эти стандарты глобальными. They’ve worked -- four working groups have worked during the past year: cataracts, back pain, coronary artery disease, which is, for instance, heart attack, and prostate cancer. |||||||||||Katarakte|||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||전립선| |||||||||||白内障|||||||||||||| |||||||||||cataratas|||||||||||||| |||||||||||cataratas|||||||||||||| 彼らは過去1年間に、白内障、背中の痛み、冠動脈疾患(心臓発作の一例)、前立腺癌の4つの作業グループで作業してきました。 The four groups will publish their data in November of this year. 4つのグループは、今年の11月にデータを発表します。 That’s the first time we’ll be comparing apples to apples, not only within a country, but between countries. ||||||比較する|||リンゴ|||||||| Next year, we’re planning to do eight diseases, the year after, 16. In three years' time, we plan to have covered 40 percent of the disease burden. |||||||||||||Lasten |||||||||||||carga Через три года мы планируем охватить 40 процентов бремени болезней. Compare apples to apples. リンゴをリンゴに比較する。 Who’s better?Why is that? 誰がより優れていますか?なぜそう思いますか? Five months ago, I led a workshop at the largest university hospital in Northern Europe.They have a new CEO, and she has a vision: I want to manage my big institution much more on quality, outcomes that matter to patients. ||||||Workshop|||||||||||||CEO|||||||||||||||||Ergebnisse|||| ||||||ワークショップ|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||oficina|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 5ヶ月前、私は北欧最大の大学病院でワークショップを主導しました。彼らは新しいCEOを迎え、彼女はビジョンを持っています:私は自分の大きな機関を患者にとって重要な質と成果を重視して管理したい。 Пять месяцев назад я возглавлял семинар в крупнейшей университетской больнице в Северной Европе. У них есть новый генеральный директор, и у нее есть видение: я хочу больше управлять своим крупным учреждением по качеству, результатам, которые важны для пациентов.

This particular day, we sat in a workshop together with physicians, nurses and other staff, discussing leukemia in children. ||||||||||||||||Leukämie bei Kindern|| ||||||||||||||||白血病|| ||||||||||||||||leucemia|| ||||||||||||||||leucemia|| The group discussed, how do we measure quality today? Can we measure it better than we do? Можем ли мы измерить его лучше, чем мы? We discussed, how do we treat these kids, what are important improvements? |||||||||||Verbesserungen |||||||||||改善点 And we discussed what are the costs for these patients, can we do treatment more efficiently?There was an enormous energy in the room. |||||||||||||Behandlung|||||||||| |||||||||||||||効率的に|||||||| There were so many ideas, so much enthusiasm. |||||||Begeisterung |||||||熱意 At the end of the meeting, the chairman of the department, he stood up. |||||||Vorsitzende|||||| ||||||||||||se levantó| |||||||presidente|||||| Al final de la reunión, el presidente del departamento se levantó. 会議の終わりに、部門の委員長が立ち上がりました。 He looked over the group and he said -- first he raised his hand, I forgot that -- he raised his hand, clenched his fist, and then he said to the group, "Thank you. ||||||||||||||||||||con il pugno chiuso||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||geballt||Faust||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||握りしめた||拳||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||cerró||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||cerrada||punho||||||||| Il a regardé le groupe et a dit - d'abord il a levé la main, j'ai oublié - il a levé la main, serré le poing, puis il a dit au groupe : "Merci. 彼はグループを見渡し、まず手を挙げて、握りこぶしを作り、それからグループに向かって言いました。「ありがとうございます。」 Thank you. ありがとうございます。

Today, we’re finally discussing what this hospital does the right way. Сегодня мы, наконец, обсуждаем, что делает эта больница правильным путем. By measuring value in healthcare, that is not only costs but outcomes that matter to patients, we will make staff in hospitals and elsewhere in the healthcare system not a problem but an important part of the solution. Измеряя ценность в здравоохранении, это не только затраты, но и результаты, которые важны для пациентов, мы сделаем персонал в больницах и в других местах системы здравоохранения не проблемой, а важной частью решения.

I believe measuring value in healthcare will bring about a revolution, and I’m convinced that the founder of modern medicine, the Greek Hippocrates, who always put the patient at the center, he would smile in his grave. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||会|||| |||||||||||||überzeugt|||||||||Hippokrates|||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||ヒポクラテス|||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||grave Thank you.

(Applause)