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The Story of the Middle Ages, 10. The Deeds of the Northmen

10. The Deeds of the Northmen

One of the things which helped the growth of feudalism was the coming of the Northmen into Southern Europe.

The Northmen were a sturdy people who dwelt about the Baltic Sea, in the lands which their descendants—the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes—still occupy.

There they had dwelt as long as we have any record of them. While the other Germans were seeking new homes in the fifth and sixth centuries, the Northmen had remained quietly at home worshiping the old gods, and gaining a scanty living from their herds and fields, and from the sea. They were so far away from Rome that only faint reports reached them of the stirring events that were taking place in the Roman lands. For four hundred years after the Goths had crossed the frontier, the Northmen remained quiet. But at last Charlemagne's conquest of the Saxons brought Christianity and the Frankish rule close to their doors. Traders and missionaries now began to come among them; from them they learned of the rich and beautiful lands which lay to the South, and their minds were dazzled by the thought of the easy victories which were to be won there.

When finally the Northmen came into the southern lands, they came, not by land, as the earlier invaders had done, but by sea. The rocky islands, the bold cliffs, and the narrow valleys of the Scandinavian lands did not tempt men to agriculture. On the other hand, the sea invited them to voyage forth and seek adventures on its waters. The Northmen, therefore, had become bold sailors; and in their long, many-oared ships, they now dared the storms of heaven and the wrath of man, to sail wherever there was booty to be had or glory to be gained.

Even in Charlemagne's time the Northmen had begun to trouble the southern lands. "One day, while Charlemagne tarried in a city of Southern Gaul," says an old writer, "a few Scandinavian boats came to plunder even within the harbor of the city. Some thought at first that they were Jewish merchants; others believed that they were from Northern Africa, or were traders from Brittany. But Charlemagne recognized them by the fleetness of their ships. 'These are not merchants,' he said, 'but cruel enemies.' When the ships were pursued, they quickly disappeared. Then the Emperor, rising from the table where he sat, went to the window which looked towards the East, and remained there a long time, his eyes filled with tears. No one ventured to question him; but at last he said: 'Do you know, my faithful friends, why I weep so bitterly? It is not because I fear that these men should annoy me by their wretched acts of piracy. But I am deeply afflicted because during my lifetime they have come so near these shores; and I am tormented by a great grief when I think of the woes they will inflict upon my successors and the whole nation.' Before Charlemagne was dead, indeed, these hardy wanderers began to fulfill his prophecy; and after he was gone the evil increased rapidly. Now the Viking ships came by scores and hundreds, where before they had come singly and in dozens. The whole of Christendom suffered from them. They plundered the shores alike of Germany, France, England, Scotland, Ireland, Spain and Italy. With their light vessels they would enter the river mouths, and row as far into the heart of the country as they could. Then they would seize horses, and on these ride far and wide. They loved most of all to attack the churches and monasteries. They cared nothing for the Christian God, for they were still heathen; and in the churches were rich gold and silver vessels, and fine embroidered cloths. It was easier, also, to capture a church or a monastery than it was a castle, for the priests and monks were not fighting men. And if any resisted these fierce heathen, they were pierced with arrows, or cloven with their swords.

One of the most famous Vikings was named Hastings. Some say that he was not a Northman at all, but a French peasant, who had joined the sea-rovers. At all events, he was very strong, brave, and cunning, and became one of their most famous leaders. We first meet with him while Louis the Pious was King; for nearly fifty years after this he was busy plundering towns and wasting the country in different lands. Now we find him in France; now he is in Frisia, just north of France; now he is in England; now he is on the shores of Spain.

In one voyage Hastings sailed around the Spanish peninsula and entered the Mediterranean Sea. There he plundered Southern France, Africa, and Italy. He wished especially to plunder Rome, as Alaric and the Vandal king had done before him. But he knew more about fighting than he did about geography. On the coast of Italy, north of Rome, lay a little city called Luna, and Hastings mistook its marble palaces and churches for the buildings of Rome. Even the walls of Luna, however, were too strong to be taken by force; so he was obliged to use a trick. He sent a messenger into the city saying that he had not come to make war, but was dying and wished to be baptized a Christian. The bishop and rulers of the city were pleased at this, and Hastings was baptized as he wished. Then the next day word was brought from the ships that their leader was dead, and they wished him to be buried in the church of the city. There seemed no harm in this request, so the rulers gave their consent. Hastings, with his weapons lying by his side, was brought within the walls, and with him came some of his best warriors, as mourners. While the people of the city went with the funeral party to the church, the rest of the Northmen landed from their ships and slipped through the unguarded gate. Then Hastings suddenly seized his weapons and sprang from the couch where he lay; at once his followers fell upon the people, and in this way the town was soon won.

At first the Northmen came only during the summer season, sailing home when the winter storms were due. Before long, however, they began to spend the winter also in Christian lands. They would seize upon an island lying off the coast at a river's mouth; and from this as headquarters they would go forth at all times of the year to ravage the land. For many years this prayer was regularly used in the churches: "From the fury of the Northmen, good Lord, deliver us. " The struggle lasted for a long time. In France, within fifty years after Charlemagne's death, Paris had fallen three times. At first the weak kings tried to buy off the Northmen with gifts of money. But such gifts only made them greedy for more; and payment had to be made again and again. Then the nobles and the cities took the defence into their own hands. In addition to the castles which the nobles were building, the cities began to fortify bridges over the rivers, so that they could keep the pirate ships from ascending the streams.

The most famous struggle of all came at Paris in the year 886. This city was not yet the capital of France, but its situation already made it important. It was built on a low island in the Seine, with a fortified bridge connecting it with each bank. When the Northmen came up the river in that year, the governor of the city, Count Odo, and the bishop, encouraged the people to resist. The viking ships numbered seven hundred, and they carried an army of 40,000 men; but for eleven months the city held out, and in spite of the weakness and cowardice of the King, the Northmen at last were obliged to withdraw.

The family of this Count Odo had already won great honor in warring against the Northmen. For his father, Robert the Strong, had fallen, after many victories, fighting against the pirate Hastings. The brave defence of Paris now made Odo more powerful than ever, and men began to think how much worthier he was of the crown than the weak Carolingians. So the cowardly King who was then ruling was set aside, and Count Odo was chosen King. It was too soon, however, for his family to get the throne permanently. Nevertheless, the crown did pass at last in the year 987 to a member of his family; and from that date, for more than eight hundred years, all the kings of France were numbered among his descendants.

Twenty-five years after the great siege of Paris, a band of Northmen secured such a footing in France that it was never possible afterwards to drive them forth. Their leader was a man of enormous size, strength, and courage; his name was Rolf (or Rollo), and they called him "the Ganger," which meant "the Walker." Like Hastings, he was for nearly fifty years a sea-king, plundering Frisia, England, Scotland, and France. At the great siege of Paris, he was one of the chiefs. Unlike Hastings, however, Rolf was something more than a mere pirate and robber. When he captured a town, he strengthened its walls, and rebuilt its churches, and sought to rule over it as a conquering prince.

In this way he came to possess a number of towns which lay north and south of the mouth of the river Seine. At last, in the year 911, he secured a grant from the King of France to a wide stretch of country in that region, with the title of Duke. This grant was made on three conditions. First, he must settle his Northmen there and leave the rest of the country at peace; second, he must become a Christian; and third, he must do homage to the French King as his feudal lord. This last condition was very distasteful to Duke Rolf, and he could scarcely be induced to place his hands between the hands of the King, as was required. When he was told to kneel down and kiss the foot of the King, as was the custom, he refused, and calling one of his followers, commanded him to do it. This bold Northman, however, had no more liking for the deed than his chief; and when he raised the King's foot to touch it to his lips, he toppled the King over on his back! In Normandy,—as his land was called,—Duke Rolf speedily showed that he was as good a ruler as he was a fighter. His followers settled down quietly, under his stern rule, and became landlords and cultivators of the soil. Before he died, it is said that gold rings could be hung on the limbs of the trees, and no one would touch them. The Northmen learned rapidly in other ways too. They followed the lead of their Duke in being baptized, and soon all were Christians. They also laid aside their old speech and law, and in less than a hundred years the fierce sea-rovers had become as good Frenchmen, in speech and everything else, as could be found in the kingdom. About the only thing to mark the difference between these Normans, as they were called, and the rest of the French, was their greater energy, their skill in governing, and their fondness for the sea and adventure.

Proof that they had not lost their energy or military skill was given in events which took place in the eleventh century. Within a little more than a hundred years after Duke Rolf and his followers were established in France, their descendants began to send forth new bands of conquerors. By accident their attention was turned to Sicily and the southern part of Italy. Soon the greater part of these lands was conquered from the Greeks and Saracens, and a Norman kingdom was established there called the kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

About the same time the Normans conquered England also. The old Northmen (or Danes, as they were called in England) had conquered the northern half of that country nearly two hundred years before. But the great English King, Alfred, and after him his son and grandsons, fought so bravely against the invaders that the land was gradually re-conquered. Then, after a time, a new swarm of Danes had come as an organized and powerful army; and for a while the Danish King, Canute, ruled over all England, together with Norway and Denmark. But after his death and the death of his two sons, the English once more had a king of their own, named Edward the Confessor. This King died in the year 1066, and at once William, the Duke of Normandy, gathered together an army to conquer England. He claimed that King Edward had promised him the throne, and also that King Harold, who had taken Edward's place, had sworn never to become king. So with a great army of Normans and Frenchmen, and a banner blessed by the Pope, William landed on the shores of England. At Senlac (or Hastings), not far from the place where they landed, the Normans found King Harold and his Englishmen awaiting them. There the great battle took place. For a while it looked as though the Normans would be defeated; but Duke William ordered his men to pretend to flee, in order to draw the English from their strong position. This move succeeded in part; but still the battle went on. At last Harold was struck in the eye and slain by an arrow shot up into the air; and the Normans won the battle. After this William soon got possession of all England. He was known as William the Conqueror, and became the founder of the line of kings and queens who have ruled that country down to the present day.

This is not nearly all of the great deeds the Northmen and their descendants performed at this time; but we can only mention a few of the others. As every American boy and girl knows, the Northmen settled Iceland and Greenland, and discovered America long before Columbus was born. Twice bands of them attacked the city of Constantinople; and after that they entered the service of the Greek Emperor, and for centuries made up his faithful bodyguard. In the far North, they made settlements in Russia, and gave a line of rulers to the Great Russian Empire. And when the Crusaders set out to win Jerusalem from the infidels, the Normans of France, England, and Sicily took the leading part in these movements also.

These old Northmen were truly a wonderful people, and their coming into the Christian lands did much to make the southern nations stronger and more energetic than they would otherwise have been.

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10. The Deeds of the Northmen 这|||| ||||Norse people ||||os nórdicos 10. أعمال الشماليين 10. Die Taten der Nordmänner 10. Las hazañas de los norteños 10. Les actes des hommes du Nord 10. Le gesta degli uomini del Nord 10.北の民の行い 10. 북쪽 사람들의 행동 10. Os feitos dos homens do Norte 10. Подвиги северян 10. Подвиги сіверян 10. 北方人的事迹 10. 北方人的事蹟

One of the things which helped the growth of feudalism was the coming of the Northmen into Southern Europe. |||||||||||的||||||| |||||||||||||||os nórdicos||a Europa do Sul|a Europa do Sul أحد الأشياء التي ساعدت على نمو الإقطاع هو قدوم الشماليين إلى جنوب أوروبا.

The Northmen were a sturdy people who dwelt about the Baltic Sea, in the lands which their descendants—the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes—still occupy. ||||||||||||||||||||挪威人|||| ||||strong and resilient|||||||||||||||Danish people|people from Norway||||inhabit ||||||||||||||||||||||||окуповують ||||robusta|||||||||||||||os dinamarqueses|os noruegueses||os suecos||ocupam كان الشماليون شعبًا قويًا يسكن بالقرب من بحر البلطيق، في الأراضي التي لا يزال أحفادهم - الدانماركيون والنرويجيون والسويديون - يحتلونها.

There they had dwelt as long as we have any record of them. لقد سكنوا هناك طالما لدينا أي سجل لهم. There they had dwelt as long as we have any record of them. While the other Germans were seeking new homes in the fifth and sixth centuries, the Northmen had remained quietly at home worshiping the old gods, and gaining a scanty living from their herds and fields, and from the sea. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||meager|||||||||| |||||||novas casas|||quinta||sexta||||||||||||||||escassa|||||||||| وبينما كان الألمان الآخرون يبحثون عن منازل جديدة في القرنين الخامس والسادس، ظل الشماليون في منازلهم بهدوء يعبدون الآلهة القديمة، ويكسبون عيشهم الضئيل من قطعانهم وحقولهم ومن البحر. They were so far away from Rome that only faint reports reached them of the stirring events that were taking place in the Roman lands. |||||||||||||||||||发生||||| |||||||||barely perceptible||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||зворушливих||||||||| |||||||||fracas||||||agitação||||||||| لقد كانوا بعيدين جدًا عن روما لدرجة أنه لم تصلهم سوى تقارير خافتة عن الأحداث المثيرة التي كانت تجري في الأراضي الرومانية. Они находились так далеко от Рима, что до них доходили лишь слабые сообщения о бурных событиях, происходивших в римских землях. For four hundred years after the Goths had crossed the frontier, the Northmen remained quiet. ||||||||||fronteira fronteira|||| لمدة أربعمائة عام بعد عبور القوط الحدود، بقي الشماليون هادئين. But at last Charlemagne's conquest of the Saxons brought Christianity and the Frankish rule close to their doors. |||||||||o cristianismo|||||||| ولكن في النهاية أدى غزو شارلمان للسكسونيين إلى جعل المسيحية وحكم الفرنجة قريبين من أبوابهم. Traders and missionaries now began to come among them; from them they learned of the rich and beautiful lands which lay to the South, and their minds were dazzled by the thought of the easy victories which were to be won there. |||||||||||||||||||||向|||||思想||||||||||which|是|||| Merchants|||||||||||||||||||||||to the south|||||Amazed||||||||||||| ||missionários||começaram|||||||||||||||||||sul|||mentes||deslumbradas||||||||||||| بدأ التجار والمبشرون في القدوم بينهم. وتعلموا منهم عن الأراضي الغنية والجميلة التي تقع في الجنوب، وانبهرت عقولهم بفكرة الانتصارات السهلة التي سيتم تحقيقها هناك. Среди них стали появляться торговцы и миссионеры, от которых они узнавали о богатых и красивых землях, лежащих к югу, и их умы ослепляла мысль о легких победах, которые можно было там одержать.

When finally the Northmen came into the southern lands, they came, not by land, as the earlier invaders had done, but by sea. |||||||||||||||||invasores||||| وعندما وصل الشماليون أخيرًا إلى الأراضي الجنوبية، لم يأتوا عن طريق البر، كما فعل الغزاة الأوائل، بل عن طريق البحر. The rocky islands, the bold cliffs, and the narrow valleys of the Scandinavian lands did not tempt men to agriculture. |||||悬崖|||||||||||诱惑||| |full of rocks|||steep and rugged||||||||||||attract|||farming or cultivation |||||as falésias||||vales estreitos|||||||não atraíam||| فالجزر الصخرية والمنحدرات الجريئة والوديان الضيقة في الأراضي الإسكندنافية لم تغري الإنسان بالزراعة. On the other hand, the sea invited them to voyage forth and seek adventures on its waters. ||||||||||move forward||pursue|||| ||||||||||adiante|||||| ومن ناحية أخرى، كان البحر يدعوهم إلى الانطلاق والمغامرة في مياهه. The Northmen, therefore, had become bold sailors; and in their long, many-oared ships, they now dared the storms of heaven and the wrath of man, to sail wherever there was booty to be had or glory to be gained. ||||||||||||划桨的||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||courageous|||||||equipped with oars||||braved|||||||anger of man|||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||de remos||||ousaram enfrentar||||dos céus|||ira de||||navegar||||despojo|||||||| ||||||||||||з веслами||||||||||||||||||||||||||| لذلك أصبح الشماليون بحارة شجعان. وفي سفنهم الطويلة ذات المجاديف المتعددة، تجرأوا الآن على عواصف السماء وغضب الإنسان، للإبحار أينما كان هناك غنائم يمكن الحصول عليها أو مجد يمكن اكتسابه.

Even in Charlemagne's time the Northmen had begun to trouble the southern lands. ||||||||侵扰|||| |||||||começado||||meridionais| حتى في زمن شارلمان، بدأ الشماليون في إزعاج الأراضي الجنوبية. "One day, while Charlemagne tarried in a city of Southern Gaul," says an old writer, "a few Scandinavian boats came to plunder even within the harbor of the city. ||||逗留|||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||delayed or stayed|||||||||||||||||||||port or dock||| ||||滞在した|||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||зупинився|||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||porto||| يقول كاتب قديم: «في أحد الأيام، بينما كان شارلمان يمكث في مدينة في جنوب بلاد الغال، جاءت بضعة قوارب إسكندنافية لنهب حتى داخل ميناء المدينة. Some thought at first that they were Jewish merchants; others believed that they were from Northern Africa, or were traders from Brittany. 一些|认为||||||||||||||||||||布列塔尼 |||||||of Jewish descent|businesspeople|||||||||||||region in France |||||||judeus|os mercadores|||||||||||||Bretanha ظن البعض في البداية أنهم تجار يهود؛ ويعتقد آخرون أنهم من شمال أفريقيا، أو أنهم تجار من بريتاني. But Charlemagne recognized them by the fleetness of their ships. ||||||迅速性||| ||||||speed||| ||||||船の速さで||| ||||||швидкість||| ||||||velocidade das||| لكن شارلمان تعرف عليهم من خلال سرعة سفنهم. 'These are not merchants,' he said, 'but cruel enemies.' |||os mercadores||||| وقال: «هؤلاء ليسوا تجارًا، بل أعداء قساة». When the ships were pursued, they quickly disappeared. 当||||||| ||||chased after||| ||||foram perseguidas||| ||||переслідували||| وعندما تمت مطاردة السفن اختفت بسرعة. Then the Emperor, rising from the table where he sat, went to the window which looked towards the East, and remained there a long time, his eyes filled with tears. |||levantando-se|||||||||||||||||||||||||| ثم قام الإمبراطور عن الطاولة التي كان يجلس عليها، واتجه إلى النافذة المطلة على الشرق، وبقي هناك طويلاً وامتلأت عيناه بالدموع. No one ventured to question him; but at last he said: 'Do you know, my faithful friends, why I weep so bitterly? 不|||||||||||||||||||||痛苦地 ||dared||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||плачу||гірко |||||||||||||||fiéis||||||amargamente Ninguém se atreveu a interrogá-lo, mas ele acabou por dizer: "Sabeis, meus fiéis amigos, porque é que choro tão amargamente? It is not because I fear that these men should annoy me by their wretched acts of piracy. ||||||||||||||可怜的|||海盗行为 ||||||||||||||miserable or despicable|deeds or actions||acts of theft ||||||||||incomodem|||||atos|| ليس لأنني أخشى أن يضايقني هؤلاء الرجال بأعمال القرصنة البائسة التي يقومون بها. But I am deeply afflicted because during my lifetime they have come so near these shores; and I am tormented by a great grief when I think of the woes they will inflict upon my successors and the whole nation.' |||||||||||||||||我|||||巨大的||||||||||||||||| ||||deeply troubled|||||||||||||||deeply troubled||||deep sorrow||||||sufferings or troubles|||cause harm to||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||苦難|||||||||| ||||||||minha vida|||||||||||atormentado||||tristeza profunda||||||aflições|||infligirão|||sucessores|||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||нещастя|||||||||| لكنني أشعر بحزن شديد لأنهم اقتربوا كثيرًا من هذه الشواطئ خلال حياتي؛ ويعذبني حزن عظيم عندما أفكر في الويلات التي سيلحقونها بخلفائي والأمة بأكملها». Before Charlemagne was dead, indeed, these hardy wanderers began to fulfill his prophecy; and after he was gone the evil increased rapidly. |||||||游荡者|||||预言||||||||| ||||||tough and brave|nomadic adventurers|||carry out||foretelling or prediction||||||||| |||||||errantes|||||profecia||||||||| وقبل أن يموت شارلمان، بدأ هؤلاء المتجولون الأشداء في تحقيق نبوءته؛ وبعد رحيله تزايد الشر بسرعة. Еще до смерти Карла Великого эти выносливые скитальцы начали исполнять его пророчество, а после его смерти зло стремительно нарастало. Now the Viking ships came by scores and hundreds, where before they had come singly and in dozens. ||||||成群||||||||单独||| ||||||large numbers||||||||one by one|||groups of twelve ||||||||||||||um a um|||em dúzias ||||||||||||||поодинці||| الآن جاءت سفن الفايكنج بالعشرات والمئات، حيث كانت تأتي من قبل منفردة وبالعشرات. Agora, os barcos vikings chegavam às dezenas e às centenas, quando antes vinham individualmente e às dezenas. The whole of Christendom suffered from them. |||Christian world||| |||a cristandade||| لقد عانى العالم المسيحي كله منهم. They plundered the shores alike of Germany, France, England, Scotland, Ireland, Spain and Italy. ||||equally in||||||||| ||||igualmente|||||||||Itália لقد نهبوا شواطئ ألمانيا وفرنسا وإنجلترا واسكتلندا وأيرلندا وإسبانيا وإيطاليا على حد سواء. Pilharam as costas da Alemanha, França, Inglaterra, Escócia, Irlanda, Espanha e Itália. 他们掠夺了德国、法国、英格兰、苏格兰、爱尔兰、西班牙和意大利的海岸。 With their light vessels they would enter the river mouths, and row as far into the heart of the country as they could. |||small boats||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||os rios||remar|||||coração|||||| |||судна||||||||||||||||||| كانوا يدخلون بسفنهم الخفيفة مصبات الأنهار، ويجدفون إلى قلب البلاد قدر استطاعتهم. 他们用轻型船只进入河口,尽可能往内陆划行。 Then they would seize horses, and on these ride far and wide. |||take control of|||||||| |||tomariam|||||||| ثم يستولون على الخيول، ويركبونها بعيدًا في كل مكان. Depois, apoderavam-se de cavalos e, com eles, cavalgavam para todo o lado. 然后他们会抓住马匹,骑在上面四处漫游。 They loved most of all to attack the churches and monasteries. |热爱||||||||| لقد أحبوا أكثر من أي شيء آخر مهاجمة الكنائس والأديرة. They cared nothing for the Christian God, for they were still heathen; and in the churches were rich gold and silver vessels, and fine embroidered cloths. |||||||||||||||||||||||||布料 |||||||||||||||||||||sacred containers|||decorated with needlework|fabrics |||||||||||pagãos||||||||||||||tecidos finos لم يهتموا أبدًا بإله المسيحيين، لأنهم كانوا لا يزالون وثنيين؛ وكان في الكنائس آنية ذهبية وفضية غنية وأقمشة مطرزة فاخرة. It was easier, also, to capture a church or a monastery than it was a castle, for the priests and monks were not fighting men. ||||||||||||||||||||religious men|||| ||||||||||||||||||os padres||os monges|||| وكان الاستيلاء على كنيسة أو دير أسهل من الاستيلاء على قلعة، لأن الكهنة والرهبان لم يكونوا رجالاً مقاتلين. And if any resisted these fierce heathen, they were pierced with arrows, or cloven with their swords. |||||||||||||劈开||| |||||||||||sharp projectiles||split apart||| |||||||||||||切り裂かれる||| ||||||pagãos ferozes|||||||fendidos||| |||||||||||||розсічені||| وإذا قاوم أحد هؤلاء الوثنيين الشرسين، كانوا يُطعنون بالسهام، أو يُقطعون بسيوفهم.

One of the most famous Vikings was named Hastings. |||||Norse seafarers||| ||||||||Hastings أحد أشهر الفايكنج كان اسمه هاستينغز. Some say that he was not a Northman at all, but a French peasant, who had joined the sea-rovers. |||||||北方人||||||||||||海盗 |||||||Norseman or Viking||||||rural laborer||||||pirates or raiders |||||||||||||||||||морські розбійники |||||||nórdico||||||||||||os piratas يقول البعض إنه لم يكن رجلًا شماليًا على الإطلاق، بل كان فلاحًا فرنسيًا انضم إلى رواد البحر. At all events, he was very strong, brave, and cunning, and became one of their most famous leaders. 在所有事件中||||||||||||||||| |||||||||clever and sly|||||||| |||||||||astuto|||||||| |||||||||хитрий|||||||| وعلى أية حال، فقد كان قوياً جداً، وشجاعاً، وماكراً، وأصبح من أشهر قادتهم. We first meet with him while Louis the Pious was King; for nearly fifty years after this he was busy plundering towns and wasting the country in different lands. |首先|相遇|||||||||||||||||||||掠夺土地||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||devastando||||| التقينا به لأول مرة عندما كان لويس الورع ملكًا؛ ولمدة خمسين عامًا تقريبًا بعد ذلك كان مشغولاً بنهب المدن وإتلاف البلاد في مختلف الأراضي. Now we find him in France; now he is in Frisia, just north of France; now he is in England; now he is on the shores of Spain. ||||||||||弗里西亚|仅|||||||||||||||| ||||||||||the Netherlands||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||Frísia||||||||||||||||| والآن نجده في فرنسا. وهو الآن في فريزيا، شمال فرنسا مباشرة؛ وهو الآن في إنجلترا. وهو الآن على شواطئ إسبانيا.

In one voyage Hastings sailed around the Spanish peninsula and entered the Mediterranean Sea. |||Hastings (1)|navegou||||||||| في إحدى الرحلات أبحر هاستينغز حول شبه الجزيرة الإسبانية ودخل البحر الأبيض المتوسط. There he plundered Southern France, Africa, and Italy. |||||||the Italian Peninsula وهناك نهب جنوب فرنسا وأفريقيا وإيطاليا. He wished especially to plunder Rome, as Alaric and the Vandal king had done before him. كان يرغب بشكل خاص في نهب روما، كما فعل ألاريك وملك الفاندال من قبله. But he knew more about fighting than he did about geography. لكنه كان يعرف عن القتال أكثر مما يعرفه عن الجغرافيا. On the coast of Italy, north of Rome, lay a little city called Luna, and Hastings mistook its marble palaces and churches for the buildings of Rome. |||||||罗马||||||卢纳|||误认为|||||||||| ||seaside area|||||||||||a city|||misidentified||white stone|||||||| ||||||||||||||||間違えた|||||||||| |||||||||||||Luna||Hastings|confundiu|||||||||| على ساحل إيطاليا، شمال روما، تقع مدينة صغيرة تسمى لونا، وقد ظن هاستنجز خطأً أن قصورها وكنائسها الرخامية هي مباني روما. Even the walls of Luna, however, were too strong to be taken by force; so he was obliged to use a trick. |||||||太||||攻陷|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||forced to||||deceptive strategy ||||Luna|||||||||||||obrigado||||estratagema ومع ذلك، حتى أسوار لونا كانت أقوى من أن يتم الاستيلاء عليها بالقوة؛ فاضطر إلى استخدام الحيلة. He sent a messenger into the city saying that he had not come to make war, but was dying and wished to be baptized a Christian. ||||||||||||||||||快要死的||||||| ||||||||||||||||||near death||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||batizado|| فأرسل رسولاً إلى المدينة يقول إنه لم يأت لحرب، بل كان يموت ويريد أن يعتمد مسيحياً. The bishop and rulers of the city were pleased at this, and Hastings was baptized as he wished. ||||||||||||Hastings||||| وقد سُر أسقف المدينة وحكامها بهذا، وتم تعميد هاستينغز كما يشاء. Then the next day word was brought from the ships that their leader was dead, and they wished him to be buried in the church of the city. ||||消息||||||||||||||||||||||| وفي اليوم التالي جاءتهم أخبار من السفن بأن قائدهم قد مات، وطلبوا أن يدفن في كنيسة المدينة. No dia seguinte, chegaram dos navios as notícias de que o seu chefe tinha morrido e queriam que ele fosse enterrado na igreja da cidade. There seemed no harm in this request, so the rulers gave their consent. |似乎|没有|||||||||| ||||||||||||gave their approval |||nenhum problema||||||||| ويبدو أنه لم يكن هناك أي ضرر في هذا الطلب، لذلك وافق الحكام. Não parecia haver mal nenhum neste pedido, pelo que os governantes deram o seu consentimento. Hastings, with his weapons lying by his side, was brought within the walls, and with him came some of his best warriors, as mourners. ||||躺着|||||||||||||||||||哀悼者 |||||||||||||||||||||||grieving companions |||||||||||||||||||||||плакальники Hastings(1)|||||||||||||||||||||||os que choram While the people of the city went with the funeral party to the church, the rest of the Northmen landed from their ships and slipped through the unguarded gate. ||||||走了|||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||unprotected or open| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||desprotegida| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||незахищені ворота| وبينما ذهب أهل المدينة مع مراسم العزاء إلى الكنيسة، نزل بقية الشماليين من سفنهم وتسللوا عبر البوابة غير المحروسة. Then Hastings suddenly seized his weapons and sprang from the couch where he lay; at once his followers fell upon the people, and in this way the town was soon won. |||||||||||||||||||||人们||||||||| |||grabbed||||leapt|||sofa|||||||||||||||||||| |Hastings(1)||agarrou|||||||sofá||||||||||||||||||||conquistada ثم أمسك هاستنجز أسلحته فجأة وقفز من الأريكة التي كان يرقد فيها؛ وعلى الفور سقط أتباعه على الناس، وبهذه الطريقة تم الاستيلاء على المدينة سريعًا. De repente, Hastings pegou nas suas armas e levantou-se do sofá onde estava deitado; de imediato, os seus seguidores caíram sobre o povo e, desta forma, a cidade foi rapidamente conquistada.

At first the Northmen came only during the summer season, sailing home when the winter storms were due. ||||||durante|||verão|navegando||||||| في البداية، جاء الشماليون فقط خلال موسم الصيف، وأبحروا إلى منازلهم عندما كانت العواصف الشتوية مستحقة. Before long, however, they began to spend the winter also in Christian lands. They would seize upon an island lying off the coast at a river's mouth; and from this as headquarters they would go forth at all times of the year to ravage the land. ||||||位于|离|||||河口||||||||||||||||||掠夺|| ||||||||||||river's entrance||||||central base||||go out||||||||plunder|| |||||||||costa|||||||||quartel-general||||||||||||devastar|| ||захопити||||||||||||||||||||||||||||спустошувати землю|| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||荒らす|| سوف يستولون على جزيرة تقع قبالة الساحل عند مصب النهر؛ ومن هذا المكان كمقر لهم يخرجون في جميع أوقات السنة لتخريب الأرض. Apoderavam-se de uma ilha situada ao largo da costa, na foz de um rio, e a partir daí, como quartel-general, saíam em todas as épocas do ano para devastar a terra. For many years this prayer was regularly used in the churches: "From the fury of the Northmen, good Lord, deliver us. " |||||||||||||||||||拯救| |||||||||||||violent anger||||||Protect from harm| |||||||||||||fúria||||||livra-nos| لسنوات عديدة كانت هذه الصلاة تستخدم بانتظام في الكنائس: "من غضب الشماليين، يا رب صالح، نجنا". 多年来,这个祷告在教堂中被定期使用:"主啊,请拯救我们脱离北方人的愤怒。" The struggle lasted for a long time. استمر النضال لفترة طويلة. 争斗持续了很长时间。 In France, within fifty years after Charlemagne's death, Paris had fallen three times. وفي فرنسا، في غضون خمسين عامًا بعد وفاة شارلمان، سقطت باريس ثلاث مرات. 在法国,查理曼去世后的五十年内,巴黎被攻陷了三次。 At first the weak kings tried to buy off the Northmen with gifts of money. في البداية حاول الملوك الضعفاء شراء الشماليين بهدايا مالية. No início, os reis mais fracos tentaram comprar os nortenhos com presentes em dinheiro. But such gifts only made them greedy for more; and payment had to be made again and again. لكن مثل هذه الهدايا جعلتهم جشعين للمزيد؛ وكان لا بد من السداد مرارا وتكرارا. Then the nobles and the cities took the defence into their own hands. ثم أخذ النبلاء والمدن الدفاع بأيديهم. In addition to the castles which the nobles were building, the cities began to fortify bridges over the rivers, so that they could keep the pirate ships from ascending the streams. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||上升|| ||||||||||||||strengthen defensively||||||||||||||moving upstream||small rivers ||||||||||||||fortificar||||||||||||||||os cursos ||||||||||||||укріплювати|||||||||||||||| وبالإضافة إلى القلاع التي كان النبلاء يبنونها، بدأت المدن في تحصين الجسور فوق الأنهار، حتى تتمكن من منع سفن القراصنة من الصعود إلى مجاري المياه.

The most famous struggle of all came at Paris in the year 886. أشهر صراع على الإطلاق حدث في باريس عام 886. A luta mais famosa ocorreu em Paris, no ano de 886. This city was not yet the capital of France, but its situation already made it important. لم تكن هذه المدينة بعد عاصمة فرنسا، لكن وضعها جعلها مهمة بالفعل. It was built on a low island in the Seine, with a fortified bridge connecting it with each bank. ||||||||||||strengthened for defense|||||| ||||||||||||fortificado|||||| تم بناؤه على جزيرة منخفضة في نهر السين، ويربطه بكل ضفة جسر محصن. Foi construída numa ilha baixa do Sena, com uma ponte fortificada que a ligava a cada uma das margens. When the Northmen came up the river in that year, the governor of the city, Count Odo, and the bishop, encouraged the people to resist. |||来临|||||||||||||奥多|||||||| ||||||||||||||||Count Odo|||||||| |||||||||||governador|||||Conde Odo|||||||| عندما صعد الشماليون إلى النهر في ذلك العام، شجع حاكم المدينة، الكونت أودو، والأسقف، الناس على المقاومة. The viking ships numbered seven hundred, and they carried an army of 40,000 men; but for eleven months the city held out, and in spite of the weakness and cowardice of the King, the Northmen at last were obliged to withdraw. |||||||||||||||||这|||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||lack of bravery|||||||||||pull back ||||||||transportavam||||||||||||||||||||covardia|||||||||||retirar-se بلغ عدد سفن الفايكنج سبعمائة، وكانت تحمل جيشًا قوامه 40 ألف رجل؛ لكن المدينة صمدت لمدة أحد عشر شهرًا، وعلى الرغم من ضعف الملك وجبنه، اضطر الشماليون أخيرًا إلى الانسحاب. Кораблей викингов было семьсот, а войско насчитывало 40 тыс. человек; но в течение одиннадцати месяцев город держался, и, несмотря на слабость и трусость короля, северяне были вынуждены наконец отступить.

The family of this Count Odo had already won great honor in warring against the Northmen. ||||||||||||战争||| ||||||||||||fighting against||| ||||||||||||військових дій||| ||||Conde|Odo|||||||guerreando||| لقد نالت عائلة هذا الكونت أودو بالفعل شرفًا عظيمًا في حربها ضد الشماليين. For his father, Robert the Strong, had fallen, after many victories, fighting against the pirate Hastings. ||||强||||||||||| |||||||caiu||||||||Hastings o pirata لأن والده روبرت القوي قد سقط بعد انتصارات عديدة وهو يقاتل ضد القرصان هاستينغز. Porque o seu pai, Roberto, o Forte, tinha caído, depois de muitas vitórias, lutando contra o pirata Hastings. The brave defence of Paris now made Odo more powerful than ever, and men began to think how much worthier he was of the crown than the weak Carolingians. |||||||||||||||||如何||更值得|||||||||加洛林王朝 |||||||||||||||||||more deserving of|||||||||Frankish royal family |||||||||||||||||||більш гідний||||||||| |||||||Odo||||||||||||mais digno|||||||||os carolíngios إن الدفاع الشجاع عن باريس جعل أودو الآن أقوى من أي وقت مضى، وبدأ الناس يفكرون في مدى استحقاقه للتاج من الكارولنجيين الضعفاء. So the cowardly King who was then ruling was set aside, and Count Odo was chosen King. ||懦弱的||||||是|||||||| ||lacking courage|||||||||||||| ||covarde|||||||||||Conde Odo||| لذلك تم تنحي الملك الجبان الذي كان يحكم في ذلك الوقت جانبًا، وتم اختيار الكونت أودو ملكًا. It was too soon, however, for his family to get the throne permanently. ||||||||||||for good |||||||||||trono| ومع ذلك، كان من السابق لأوانه أن تحصل عائلته على العرش بشكل دائم. No entanto, era demasiado cedo para que a sua família pudesse ocupar o trono de forma permanente. Nevertheless, the crown did pass at last in the year 987 to a member of his family; and from that date, for more than eight hundred years, all the kings of France were numbered among his descendants. Even so||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||descendentes dele ومع ذلك، فقد انتقل التاج أخيرًا في عام 987 إلى أحد أفراد عائلته؛ ومنذ ذلك التاريخ، ولأكثر من ثمانمائة عام، أصبح جميع ملوك فرنسا من نسله.

Twenty-five years after the great siege of Paris, a band of Northmen secured such a footing in France that it was never possible afterwards to drive them forth. |||||||||||的||巩固了|||||||它||永远不可能|||到||| ||||||military blockade|||||||established control||||||||||||||Northmen|out ||||||cerco|||||||||||||||||||||| بعد خمسة وعشرين عامًا من الحصار الكبير لباريس، تمكنت مجموعة من الشماليين من تأمين موطئ قدم لها في فرنسا، بحيث لم يكن من الممكن أبدًا طردهم منها بعد ذلك. Через двадцать пять лет после великой осады Парижа отряд северян закрепился во Франции настолько прочно, что изгнать их оттуда так и не удалось. Their leader was a man of enormous size, strength, and courage; his name was Rolf (or Rollo), and they called him "the Ganger," which meant "the Walker." ||||||||||||||罗尔夫||罗尔夫||||||行者||||行者 ||||||||||||||Rollo the Walker||Rolf the Walker||||||The Walker|||| ||||||||||||||||||||||Ходок|||| ||||||||||||||Rolf||Rollo||||||o Andarilho||||o Andarilho كان زعيمهم رجلاً هائل الحجم والقوة والشجاعة. كان اسمه رولف (أو رولو)، وقد أطلقوا عليه اسم "الجانجر"، وهو ما يعني "المشاة". Like Hastings, he was for nearly fifty years a sea-king, plundering Frisia, England, Scotland, and France. ||||||||||海王||弗里西亚|||| ||||||||||||Frísia|||| وكان مثل هيستنجز ملكاً للبحر لمدة خمسين عاماً تقريباً، ينهب فريزيا، وإنجلترا، واسكتلندا، وفرنسا. At the great siege of Paris, he was one of the chiefs. |||military blockade|||||||| وفي حصار باريس الكبير كان أحد الزعماء. Unlike Hastings, however, Rolf was something more than a mere pirate and robber. ||||||更多|||||| |Hastings||Rolf||||||apenas||| على عكس هاستينغز، كان رولف أكثر من مجرد قرصان ولص. When he captured a town, he strengthened its walls, and rebuilt its churches, and sought to rule over it as a conquering prince. ||||||fortified||||constructed again||||Aimed to govern|||||||victorious ruler| |||||||||||||||||||||conquistador| |||||||||||||||||||||завойовуючий| ولما استولى على مدينة، عزز أسوارها، وأعاد بناء كنائسها، وسعى إلى أن يحكمها كأمير قاهر.

In this way he came to possess a number of towns which lay north and south of the mouth of the river Seine. ||||来|||||||||||||||||| ||||||gain control of|||||||||||||||| وبهذه الطريقة أصبح يمتلك عددًا من المدن الواقعة شمال وجنوب مصب نهر السين. At last, in the year 911, he secured a grant from the King of France to a wide stretch of country in that region, with the title of Duke. ||||||obtained||land allocation|||||||||expanse|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||duque أخيرًا، في عام 911، حصل على منحة من ملك فرنسا لمساحة واسعة من البلاد في تلك المنطقة، بلقب دوق. This grant was made on three conditions. |||给予||| |funding award||||| وقد تم تقديم هذه المنحة بثلاثة شروط. Esta subvenção foi concedida sob três condições. First, he must settle his Northmen there and leave the rest of the country at peace; second, he must become a Christian; and third, he must do homage to the French King as his feudal lord. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||效忠||||||||| أولاً، يجب عليه أن يوطّن رجاله الشماليين هناك ويترك بقية البلاد في سلام؛ ثانياً، يجب أن يصبح مسيحياً؛ وثالثًا، يجب عليه أن يشيد بالملك الفرنسي باعتباره سيده الإقطاعي. This last condition was very distasteful to Duke Rolf, and he could scarcely be induced to place his hands between the hands of the King, as was required. |||||令人厌恶的||||||几乎不||被|||||||||||||| |||||highly unpleasant|||||||hardly||persuaded||||||||||||| ||||||||||||ледве||вмовлений||||||||||||| |||||desagradável||Duque Rolf|Duque Rolf||||mal poderia||||||||||||||| كان هذا الشرط الأخير مقيتًا للغاية بالنسبة للدوق رولف، وبالكاد يمكن حثه على وضع يديه بين يدي الملك، كما هو مطلوب. Esta última condição era muito desagradável para o Duque Rolf, e ele dificilmente poderia ser induzido a colocar as suas mãos entre as mãos do Rei, como era exigido. Это последнее условие было очень неприятно герцогу Рольфу, и его с трудом удалось уговорить положить свои руки между руками короля, как того требовали условия. When he was told to kneel down and kiss the foot of the King, as was the custom, he refused, and calling one of his followers, commanded him to do it. |||||跪下||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||kneel||||||||||||traditional practice||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||a tradição|||||||||ordenou|||| ولما طلب منه أن يجثو ويقبل قدم الملك كما جرت العادة، رفض، ودعا أحد أتباعه وأمره بذلك. This bold Northman, however, had no more liking for the deed than his chief; and when he raised the King's foot to touch it to his lips, he toppled the King over on his back! |||||没有|||||||||||||||||||||||翻倒了||||在|| |||||||fondness, preference|||act||||||||||||||||||knocked over|||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||повалив|||||| |||||||apreço|||||||||||||||||||lábios|||||||| ومع ذلك، لم يكن هذا الرجل الشمالي الجريء يحب هذا الفعل أكثر من زعيمه؛ وعندما رفع قدم الملك لتلامس شفتيه، أسقط الملك على ظهره! Este corajoso nortenho, porém, não gostou mais da ação do que o seu chefe; e quando levantou o pé do rei para o tocar nos lábios, derrubou-o de costas! 然而,这位大胆的北方人对这项行为的喜好并不比他的首领更多;当他抬起国王的脚想要吻它时,却把国王翻倒在地! In Normandy,—as his land was called,—Duke Rolf speedily showed that he was as good a ruler as he was a fighter. ||||||||罗尔夫||显示|||||||||||| في نورماندي، كما كانت تسمى أرضه، أظهر الدوق رولف بسرعة أنه كان حاكمًا جيدًا بقدر ما كان مقاتلًا. 在诺曼底——他的土地被称为——鲁夫公爵迅速展示了他既是一个优秀的统治者,也是一个出色的战士。 His followers settled down quietly, under his stern rule, and became landlords and cultivators of the soil. ||||||||||成为|地主||耕种者||| |||||||strict||||property owners||farmers||| |послідовники||||||||||землевласники||виробники землевласники||| واستقر أتباعه في هدوء، تحت حكمه الصارم، وأصبحوا ملاك الأراضي ومزارعي الأرض. 他的追随者在他严厉的统治下安静地定居下来,成为土地的地主和耕种者。 Before he died, it is said that gold rings could be hung on the limbs of the trees, and no one would touch them. ||||||||||||||树枝||||||||| ||||||||||||||гілки||||||||| ويقال قبل وفاته أنه كان يمكن تعليق حلقات من الذهب على أغصان الأشجار، ولا يمسها أحد. The Northmen learned rapidly in other ways too. لقد تعلم الشماليون بسرعة بطرق أخرى أيضًا. They followed the lead of their Duke in being baptized, and soon all were Christians. لقد اتبعوا قيادة دوقهم في المعمودية، وسرعان ما أصبحوا جميعًا مسيحيين. They also laid aside their old speech and law, and in less than a hundred years the fierce sea-rovers had become as good Frenchmen, in speech and everything else, as could be found in the kingdom. |||||旧||||||||||||||||||||||||||可以|成为|||| |||||||||||||||||||os invasores marítimos||||||||||||||||| كما وضعوا جانبًا خطابهم وقانونهم القديم، وفي أقل من مائة عام، أصبح رواد البحر الشرسون فرنسيين جيدين في الكلام وفي كل شيء آخر، كما يمكن العثور عليهم في المملكة. About the only thing to mark the difference between these Normans, as they were called, and the rest of the French, was their greater energy, their skill in governing, and their fondness for the sea and adventure. ||||||||||Norse descendants|||||||||||||||||||||love for||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||afeição pelo||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||пристрасть до моря||||| الشيء الوحيد الذي يميز بين هؤلاء النورمانديين، كما كانوا يُطلق عليهم، وبقية الفرنسيين، هو طاقتهم الأكبر، ومهارتهم في الحكم، وولعهم بالبحر والمغامرة.

Proof that they had not lost their energy or military skill was given in events which took place in the eleventh century. |||||||||||是|||||||||| Evidence||||||||||||||||||||| تم تقديم الدليل على أنهم لم يفقدوا طاقتهم أو مهاراتهم العسكرية في الأحداث التي وقعت في القرن الحادي عشر. Within a little more than a hundred years after Duke Rolf and his followers were established in France, their descendants began to send forth new bands of conquerors. ||||比|||百年||||||||||||||||||队伍|| |||||||||||||||||||||||send out|||| في غضون ما يزيد قليلاً عن مائة عام بعد استقرار الدوق رولف وأتباعه في فرنسا، بدأ أحفادهم في إرسال مجموعات جديدة من الغزاة. By accident their attention was turned to Sicily and the southern part of Italy. بالصدفة تحول انتباههم إلى صقلية والجزء الجنوبي من إيطاليا. Soon the greater part of these lands was conquered from the Greeks and Saracens, and a Norman kingdom was established there called the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. |||||||||||||萨拉森人|||||||||the|||||两西西里 |||||||||||||Muslim inhabitants||||||||||||||Two Sicilies وسرعان ما تم الاستيلاء على الجزء الأكبر من هذه الأراضي من اليونانيين والمسلمين، وأنشئت هناك مملكة نورمانية تسمى مملكة الصقليتين. 不久,大部分这些土地被希腊人和萨拉森人征服,建立了一个名为两西西里王国的诺曼王国。

About the same time the Normans conquered England also. 关于|||||诺曼人||| وفي نفس الوقت تقريبًا غزا النورمانديون إنجلترا أيضًا. 大约在同一时期,诺曼人也征服了英格兰。 The old Northmen (or Danes, as they were called in England) had conquered the northern half of that country nearly two hundred years before. كان الشماليون القدامى (أو الدنماركيون، كما يُطلق عليهم في إنجلترا) قد احتلوا النصف الشمالي من ذلك البلد قبل ما يقرب من مائتي عام. 两百年前,古代北方人(或在英格兰被称为丹麦人)几乎征服了那个国家的北半部。 But the great English King, Alfred, and after him his son and grandsons, fought so bravely against the invaders that the land was gradually re-conquered. ||||||||||||孙子们|||勇敢地|||||||||| ||||||||||||sons' sons||||||foreign attackers||||||reclaimed| لكن الملك الإنجليزي العظيم، ألفريد، ومن بعده ابنه وأحفاده، قاتلوا بشجاعة شديدة ضد الغزاة، مما أدى إلى إعادة فتح الأرض تدريجيًا. Then, after a time, a new swarm of Danes had come as an organized and powerful army; and for a while the Danish King, Canute, ruled over all England, together with Norway and Denmark. |||一段时间|||||||||||||||||||||凯努特||||||||| ||||||group of invaders||||||||||||||||Danish people||||||||||| ||||||multidão de||||||||||||||||||||||||||| وبعد فترة، جاء سرب جديد من الدانمركيين كجيش منظم وقوي؛ ولفترة من الوقت حكم الملك الدنماركي كانوت إنجلترا بأكملها، إلى جانب النرويج والدنمارك. But after his death and the death of his two sons, the English once more had a king of their own, named Edward the Confessor. ||||||||||||||||||||||||忏悔者 ||||||||||||||||||||||||Edward the Confessor ||||||||||||||||||||||||конфесор ولكن بعد وفاته ووفاة ولديه، أصبح للإنجليز مرة أخرى ملك خاص بهم، اسمه إدوارد المعترف. This King died in the year 1066, and at once William, the Duke of Normandy, gathered together an army to conquer England. توفي هذا الملك عام 1066، وعلى الفور جمع ويليام، دوق نورماندي، جيشًا لغزو إنجلترا. He claimed that King Edward had promised him the throne, and also that King Harold, who had taken Edward's place, had sworn never to become king. ||||||||||||||||||爱德华|||发誓|||| ||||||||||||||King of England||||of Edward|||taken an oath|||| وادعى أن الملك إدوارد وعده بالعرش، وأن الملك هارولد، الذي حل محل إدوارد، أقسم أنه لن يصبح ملكًا أبدًا. So with a great army of Normans and Frenchmen, and a banner blessed by the Pope, William landed on the shores of England. ||||||||||||consecrated by the|||||||||| وهكذا، مع جيش عظيم من النورمانديين والفرنسيين، وراية باركها البابا، هبط ويليام على شواطئ إنجلترا. At Senlac (or Hastings), not far from the place where they landed, the Normans found King Harold and his Englishmen awaiting them. |圣拉克|||||||||||||||||||等待着他们| |Senlac Hill|||||||||||||||||||ready for| في سينلاك (أو هاستينغز)، على مسافة ليست بعيدة عن المكان الذي هبطوا فيه، وجد النورمانديون الملك هارولد ورجاله الإنجليز في انتظارهم. There the great battle took place. وهناك دارت المعركة الكبرى. For a while it looked as though the Normans would be defeated; but Duke William ordered his men to pretend to flee, in order to draw the English from their strong position. |||||||||||||||||||feign retreat||run away|||||||||| لفترة من الوقت بدا الأمر كما لو أن النورمانديين سيهزمون. لكن الدوق ويليام أمر رجاله بالتظاهر بالفرار لسحب الإنجليز من موقعهم القوي. This move succeeded in part; but still the battle went on. |这一步||||||||| وقد نجحت هذه الخطوة جزئياً؛ لكن المعركة استمرت. At last Harold was struck in the eye and slain by an arrow shot up into the air; and the Normans won the battle. |||||||||||||||进入|||||||| |||||||||||||arrow|||||||||| أخيرًا، أصيب هارولد في عينه وقُتل بسهم أطلق عليه الرصاص في الهواء؛ وانتصر النورمانديون في المعركة. After this William soon got possession of all England. ||||获得|占有||| بعد ذلك سرعان ما استحوذ ويليام على إنجلترا بأكملها. He was known as William the Conqueror, and became the founder of the line of kings and queens who have ruled that country down to the present day. |||||||||那个|||定冠词||||||||||||||| ||||||||||originator|||dynasty|||||||||||||| كان يُعرف باسم ويليام الفاتح، وأصبح مؤسس سلسلة الملوك والملكات الذين حكموا تلك البلاد حتى يومنا هذا.

This is not nearly all of the great deeds the Northmen and their descendants performed at this time; but we can only mention a few of the others. |||||||||||||||在||时候|||||||||| هذه ليست تقريبًا جميع الأعمال العظيمة التي قام بها الشماليون وأحفادهم في هذا الوقت؛ ولكن لا يمكننا أن نذكر سوى عدد قليل من الآخرين. As every American boy and girl knows, the Northmen settled Iceland and Greenland, and discovered America long before Columbus was born. ||||||||||the island nation||a large island|||||||| وكما يعلم كل صبي وفتاة أميركية، فقد استوطن الشماليون أيسلندا وجرينلاند، واكتشفوا أميركا قبل وقت طويل من ولادة كولومبوس. Twice bands of them attacked the city of Constantinople; and after that they entered the service of the Greek Emperor, and for centuries made up his faithful bodyguard. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||保镖 وهاجمت فرق منهم مدينة القسطنطينية مرتين؛ وبعد ذلك دخلوا في خدمة الإمبراطور اليوناني، وشكلوا لعدة قرون حراسه الشخصيين المخلصين. In the far North, they made settlements in Russia, and gave a line of rulers to the Great Russian Empire. |||||||||||一个|||||||| ||||||established communities||||||succession of rulers||||||| وفي أقصى الشمال، أقاموا مستوطنات في روسيا، ومنحوا سلسلة من الحكام للإمبراطورية الروسية العظمى. And when the Crusaders set out to win Jerusalem from the infidels, the Normans of France, England, and Sicily took the leading part in these movements also. |||十字军||||||||异教徒|||||||||这个|||||| |||medieval Christian warriors|||||holy city|||non-believers||||||||||||||| |||||||||||異教徒たち||||||||||||||| |||||||||||невірні||||||||||||||| وعندما شرع الصليبيون في انتزاع القدس من الكفار، أخذ نورمان فرنسا وإنجلترا وصقلية الدور القيادي في هذه الحركات أيضًا.

These old Northmen were truly a wonderful people, and their coming into the Christian lands did much to make the southern nations stronger and more energetic than they would otherwise have been. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||比||本来||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||without them|| لقد كان هؤلاء الشماليون القدامى شعبًا رائعًا حقًا، وقد أدى مجيئهم إلى الأراضي المسيحية إلى جعل الأمم الجنوبية أقوى وأكثر نشاطًا مما كانت عليه لولا ذلك.