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The Story of the Middle Ages, 08. Charlemagne

08. Charlemagne

Charles The Great, or Charlemagne, became King of the Franks when his father Pippin died.

He was the greatest ruler of his time; and for hundreds of years after his death his influence continued to be felt in Western Europe. If Columbus had never been born, America would have been discovered just the same; and if Luther had never lived there would nevertheless have been a Reformation in the church. But if Charlemagne had never been King of the Franks, and made himself Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire,—as we shall see that he did,—the whole history of the Middle Ages would have been very different from what it actually was.

At first Charlemagne's brother ruled with him as King; but within three years the brother died, and then Charlemagne ruled as sole King of the Franks. He owed the power which he had largely to his father, and to his grandfather, Charles Martel; but Charlemagne used his power wisely and well, and greatly increased it. He put down the rebellions of the peoples who rose against the rule of the Franks; he defended the land against the Mohammedans of Spain and the heathen Germans of the North; he conquered new lands and new peoples. In addition he set up an improved system of government; and he did all that he could to encourage learning an make his people more civilized than they had been before.

When we read of all the things that Charlemagne did, we wonder that he was able to do so much. In the forty-six years that he was King he sent out more than fifty expeditions against different enemies; and in more than half of these he took the command himself. Charlemagne's wars, however, were not simply for plunder, or for more land, as so many of the earlier wars of the Franks had been. They were fought either to keep down the peoples whom the Franks had already conquered; or else to keep out new peoples who were seeking to conquer the Franks. In both these objects Charlemagne was successful. The net result of his wars was that almost all those lands which had formerly been under the Emperors of the West, were now brought under the rule of the King of the Franks; and the peoples who lived in these lands, both the old inhabitants and the German newcomers, were allowed peaceably to live together and work out their own destiny.

The most stubborn enemy that Charlemagne had to fight was the Saxons. A portion of this people had settled in the island of Britain about three hundred years before; but many Saxon tribes still dwelt in the northern part of Germany. In Charlemagne's time they still worshipped Woden and Thor, and lived in much the same way that the Germans had done before the great migrations. It was part of Charlemagne's plan to make himself ruler of all the German nations; besides, there were constant quarrels along the border between the Saxons and the Franks. The result was that war was declared, and Charlemagne started out to conquer, to Christianize, and to civilize these heathen kinsmen. But it was a hard task; and the war lasted many years before it was ended. Again and again the Franks would march into the Saxon lands in summer and conquer the Saxon villages; but as soon as they withdrew for the winter the young warriors of the Saxons would come out from the swamps and forests to which they had retreated, and next year the work would have to be done over again.

After this had occurred several times, Charlemagne determined to make a terrible example. Forty-five hundred of the Saxon warriors who had rebelled and been captured were put to death by his orders, all in one day. This dreadful massacre was the worst thing that Charlemagne ever did; and it did not even succeed in terrifying the Saxons. Instead, it led to the hardest and bloodiest war of all, in which a chief named Widukind led on his countrymen to take vengeance for their murdered relatives and friends. But in the end Charlemagne and his Franks proved too strong for the Saxons. Widukind, at last, was obliged to surrender and be baptized, with all his followers. After that the resistance of the Saxons died away; and Charlemagne's treatment of the land was so wise that it became one of the strongest and most important parts of the kingdom. Charlemagne also fought a number of times against the Arabs in Spain. He not only prevented them from settling in Southern France, as they had tried to do in the time of Charles Martel; but he won from them a strip of their own country south of the Pyrenees Mountains. In one of these wars, the rearguard of Charlemagne's army was cut off and slain by the mountain tribes in the narrow pass of Roncevalles. The leader of the Franks was Roland, while the leader of the enemy was called Bernardo. Long after that day strange stories grew up and poets sang of the brave deeds of Roland, and of the mighty blasts which he gave on his hunting-horn, to warn Charlemagne of the danger to his army. Three blasts he blew, each so loud and terrible that the birds fell dead from the trees, and the enemy drew back in alarm. Charlemagne, many miles away, heard the call, and hastened to the rescue; but he came too late. An old song says:

"The day of Roncevalles was a dismal day for you, Ye men of France, for there the lance of King Charles was broke in two; Ye well may curse that rueful field, for many a noble peer In fray or fight the dust did bite beneath Bernardo's spear. " In most of his wars Charlemagne was successful; and the stories about him told rather of his glory and his might than of his defeats.

One of his most important conquests was that of the Lombards, in Northern Italy. Nearly a century afterward, an old monk wrote the story of this war as he had heard it from his father. Desiderius, the King of the Lombards, had offended the Pope, and the Pope appealed to Charlemagne for aid. When Charlemagne marched his army over the Alps into Italy, the Lombard King shut himself up in his capital, Pavia. There he had with him, according to the story, one of Charlemagne's nobles named Otker, who had offended the dread King and fled from him. "Now when they heard of the approach of the terrible Charles," writes this old monk, "they climbed up into a high tower, whence they could see in all directions. When the advance guard appeared, Desiderius said to Otker: 'Is Charles with this great army, do you think?' And he answered: 'Not yet.' When he saw the main army, gathered from the whole broad empire, Desiderius said with confidence: 'Surely the victorious Charles is with these troops.' But Otker answered: 'Not yet, not yet. ' "Then Desiderius began to be troubled, and said: 'What shall we do if still more come with him?' Otker answered: 'You will soon see how he will come; but what will become of us, I know not.' And, behold, while they were speaking, appeared the servants of Charles's household, a never-resting multitude. 'That is Charles,' said the terrified Desiderius. But Otker said: 'Not yet, not yet.' Then appeared the bishops and the abbots, and the chaplains with their companions. When he beheld these the Lombard prince, dazed with fear and longing for death, stammered out these words: 'Let us go down and hide in the earth before the wrath of so terrible an enemy!' But Otker, who in better times had known well the power and the arms of the great Charles, answered: 'When you see a harvest of steel waving in the fields, and the rivers dashing steel-black waves against the city walls, then you may believe Charles is coming. ' "Scarcely had he spoken when there appeared in the North and West a dark cloud, as it were, which wrapped the clear day in most dreadful shadow. But as it drew nearer, there flashed upon the besieged from the gleaming weapons a day that was more terrible for them than any night. Then they saw him,—Charles,—the man of steel; his arms covered with plates of steel, his iron breast and his broad shoulders protected by steel armor. His left hand carried aloft the iron lance, for his right was always ready for the victorious sword. His thighs, which others leave uncovered in order more easily to mount their horses, were covered on the outside with iron scales. The leg-pieces of steel were common to the whole army. His shield was all of steel, and his horse was iron in color and in spirit.

"This armor all who rode before him, by his side, or who followed him,—in fact, the whole army,—had tried to imitate as closely as possible. Steel filled the fields and roads. The rays of the sun were reflected from gleaming steel. The people, paralyzed by fear, did homage to the bristling steel; the fear of the steel pierced down deep into the earth. 'Alas, the steel!' 'Alas, the steel!' cried the inhabitants confusedly. The mighty walls trembled before the steel, and the courage of youths fled before the steel of the aged.

"And all this, which I have told with all too many words, the truthful seer Otker saw with one swift look, and said to Desiderius: 'There you have Charles, whom you have so long desired!' And with these words he fell to the ground like one dead. " In this war Charlemagne was completely victorious. Desiderius ceased to be King of the Lombards, and Charlemagne became King in his place. For centuries after that Charlemagne's successors continued to wear "the iron crown of Italy," which the great King of the Franks had won from Desiderius. One of the results of the conquest of the Lombards was that Charlemagne was brought into closer relations with the Pope. The Emperor of the East still claimed to rule over Italy; but his rule was feeble, and only a small part of the peninsula was now in the hands of his officers. The real power in Italy had passed into the hands of the King of the Franks; and the question now was, whether the Pope should be under his rule as he had been under that of the Eastern Emperors. Two things made this question harder to decide. One was that Charlemagne, following the example of his father Pippin, had given to the Pope a large number of the cities and villages which he had conquered in Italy. The other was that the Pope, on Christmas day of the year 800, placed a crown on Charlemagne's head as he knelt in prayer in St. Peter's church at Rome, and proclaimed him Emperor. These two things helped to make it very hard to decide just what powers the Pope and the King of the Franks should each have. When Charlemagne gave those cities and villages to the Pope, did it mean that he gave up the right to rule there, and turned the power over to the Pope, so that the latter became the Prince in these places? And when the Pope crowned Charlemagne as Emperor, did that mean that the Pope could not set up and pull down emperors whenever he wanted to? These, you see, are very hard questions to answer; but they are very important questions to understand. Upon the answers given to them would depend the decision whether the Pope was above the Emperor, or the Emperor above the Pope; and this was a question about which men fought for hundreds of years.

We may also ask, What was this Empire of which Charlemagne became Emperor on that Christmas morning? The name which men give to it is "the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation." They thought of it as a revival of the old Roman Empire of the East, which had come to an end more than three hundred years before. They called it the Holy Roman Empire, to show how great a part the Church, and especially the Pope, played in it; and they added the words, of the German Nation, because it was the new and vigorous peoples who had come from the North who now supplied its strength. Though Charlemagne as Emperor ruled only over the peoples who had obeyed him as King, still men felt that his position now was higher, and his authority greater, than it had been before. For now his power was linked with the majestic history of Rome, and was given a more solemn sanction by the Church.

In this way the crowning of Charlemagne as Emperor was an event of very great importance. For a thousand years after that day, the office of Emperor in the West continued to exist; and for a good part of this time it was one of the most powerful means of holding peoples of Western Europe together in one family of nations, and preventing them from growing wholly unlike and hostile to one another. We may truly say that a new age commences in Europe, when force alone no longer rules, and when great ideas, such as the idea of the Church and of the Empire, begin to play a part amid the strife of nations.

To govern the wide territories which were under his rule, Charlemagne kept up the "counts" or local rulers that he found established in different parts of his Empire. Over these he set higher rulers who were to travel about the country, seeing everything and reporting everything to the King. Twice a year, in the spring and in the autumn, the nobles of the land were called together to consult with him, and assist him in making laws for the kingdom. These assemblies would continue for several days, according to the importance of the business. While they lasted, messengers would come and go from the King's palace, proposing laws to the assembly, and carrying back answers; and no stranger might approach until the business was completed. If the weather was fine, the assembly met in the open air; but if it was not, then the meetings took place in churches and other buildings. The King, meanwhile, was busy receiving presents, talking with the most important men, especially those who dwelt at a distance from his court, and hearing what his nobles and officials had to report to him concerning any part of the kingdom. This last Charlemagne considered very important. As an old writer says: "The King wished to know whether, in any part or any corner of the kingdom, the people murmured or were troubled, and what was the cause of their troubles. Also he wished to know if any of the conquered peoples thought of rebelling, or if any of those who were still independent threatened the kingdom with an attack. And upon all these matters, wherever a danger or a disturbance arose, his chief questions were concerned with its motives or its cause. " Besides being a great warrior and a great ruler, Charlemagne was also a great friend of learning and education. He loved to gather about him learned men from all parts of the world. In this "Palace School," as it was called, the King and his wise men discussed learned questions. Charlemagne himself learned to read only after he was a grown man; and in spite of all his efforts he never succeeded in learning to write. This made him all the more anxious that the bright lads of his kingdom should have the advantages which he lacked. So he founded schools in the monasteries and bishoprics; in this way he hoped to get learned men for offices in the Church and State. The rude, fighting men of that day, however, looked upon learning with contempt; and many noble youths in the schools neglected their books for hawking and warlike exercises.

The old monk who tell us how Charles overcame King Desiderius, also tells us of the Emperor's wrath when he found the boys of one school going on in this fashion. The boys of low and middle station had been faithful; and when they presented their compositions and poems to the King, he said: "Many thanks, my sons, that you have taken such pains to carry out my orders to the best of your ability. Try now to do better still, and I will give you as reward splendid bishoprics, and make you rulers over monasteries, and you shall be highly honored in my sight." But to the high-born boys, who had played while the others worked, he cried out in wrath: "You sons of princes, you pretty and dainty little gentlemen, who count upon your birth and your wealth! You have disregarded my orders and your own reputations; you have neglected your studies and spent your time in games and idleness, or in foolish occupations! I care little for your noble birth, and your pretty looks, though others think them so fine! And let me promise you this: if you do not make haste to recover what you have lost by your neglect, you need never think to get any favors from Charles! " In many other ways, besides those which we have mentioned, Charlemagne did a great work for the peoples over whom he ruled, and laid the foundations on which the ages that came after builded. In the troubled times that followed his death much of his work seemed to be swept away; but this was only in seeming, for the most important parts of it lived and still live in the governments and civilization of the world.

Before taking leave of this great King, perhaps you would like to know what he looked like, and how he lived. One of the learned men of his court has left a good description of him. "He was tall and stoutly built," he says, "his height being just seven times the length of his own foot. His head was round, his eyes large and lively, his nose somewhat above the common size, and his expression bright and cheerful. Whether he stood or sat, his form was full of dignity; for the good proportion and grace of his body prevented the observer from noticing that his neck was rather short and his person rather too fleshy." He was very active, this same writer tells us, and delighted in riding and hunting, and was skilled in swimming. It was, indeed, because of its natural warm baths that he made his favorite residence and capital at Aachen (The Frank Aix-la-Chapelle). He always wore the Frankish dress; but on days of state he added to this an embroidered cloak and jeweled crown, and carried a sword with a jeweled hilt. The name (Charlemagne), by which we know him, is French, but the King himself, in speech, dress, and habits, was a thoroughly German king, and ruled over a thoroughly German people.

08. Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor 08. شارلمان 08. Charlemagne 08. Carlomagno 08. Charlemagne 08. Carlo Magno 08.シャルルマーニュ 08. Carlos Magno 08. Шарлемань 08. Charlemagne 08. Карл Великий 08.查理曼 08.查理曼大帝

Charles The Great, or Charlemagne, became King of the Franks when his father Pippin died. |||||||||||||皮平| أصبح تشارلز الكبير، أو شارلمان، ملك الفرنجة عندما توفي والده بيبين.

He was the greatest ruler of his time; and for hundreds of years after his death his influence continued to be felt in Western Europe. كان أعظم حاكم في عصره. ولمئات السنين بعد وفاته ظل تأثيره محسوسًا في أوروبا الغربية. If Columbus had never been born, America would have been discovered just the same; and if Luther had never lived there would nevertheless have been a Reformation in the church. ||||||||||||||||Martin Luther||||||||||||| لو لم يولد كولومبوس، لكان من الممكن اكتشاف أمريكا بنفس الطريقة؛ ولو لم يعش لوثر قط لكان هناك مع ذلك إصلاح في الكنيسة. But if Charlemagne had never been King of the Franks, and made himself Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire,—as we shall see that he did,—the whole history of the Middle Ages would have been very different from what it actually was. لكن لو لم يكن شارلمان أبدًا ملكًا للفرنجة، ونصب نفسه إمبراطورًا للإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة، كما سنرى، لكان تاريخ العصور الوسطى برمته مختلفًا تمامًا عما كان عليه في الواقع. But if Charlemagne had never been King of the Franks, and made himself Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire,—as we shall see that he did,—the whole history of the Middle Ages would have been very different from what it actually was.

At first Charlemagne's brother ruled with him as King; but within three years the brother died, and then Charlemagne ruled as sole King of the Franks. ||Charlemagne's brother's||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||єдиний|||| في البداية حكم شقيق شارلمان معه كملك؛ ولكن في غضون ثلاث سنوات مات الأخ، وبعد ذلك حكم شارلمان باعتباره الملك الأوحد للفرنجة. He owed the power which he had largely to his father, and to his grandfather, Charles Martel; but Charlemagne used his power wisely and well, and greatly increased it. |欠了|||||||||||||||||||||明智地|||||| |was due to|||||||||||||||||||||with good judgment|||||| لقد كان مدينًا بالسلطة التي كان يتمتع بها إلى حد كبير لوالده ولجده تشارلز مارتل. لكن شارلمان استخدم قوته بحكمة وحسن، وزادها كثيرًا. He put down the rebellions of the peoples who rose against the rule of the Franks; he defended the land against the Mohammedans of Spain and the heathen Germans of the North; he conquered new lands and new peoples. |镇压||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| وأخمد ثورات الشعوب التي ثارت ضد حكم الفرنجة؛ ودافع عن الأرض ضد المسلمين في أسبانيا والألمان الوثنيين في الشمال؛ غزا أراضٍ جديدة وشعوبًا جديدة. In addition he set up an improved system of government; and he did all that he could to encourage learning an make his people more civilized than they had been before. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||比他们之前|||| بالإضافة إلى ذلك، أنشأ نظامًا محسنًا للحكم؛ وبذل كل ما في وسعه لتشجيع التعلم وجعل شعبه أكثر تحضرا مما كان عليه من قبل.

When we read of all the things that Charlemagne did, we wonder that he was able to do so much. ||阅读|的|||||||||||||||| عندما نقرأ عن كل ما فعله شارلمان، نتعجب أنه كان قادرًا على فعل الكثير. In the forty-six years that he was King he sent out more than fifty expeditions against different enemies; and in more than half of these he took the command himself. |||||||||||||||远征||||||||||||||| ||||46 years|||||||||||military campaigns||||||||||||||| وفي الأعوام الستة والأربعين التي قضاها ملكاً، أرسل أكثر من خمسين حملة استكشافية ضد أعداء مختلفين؛ وفي أكثر من نصفها تولى القيادة بنفسه. Charlemagne's wars, however, were not simply for plunder, or for more land, as so many of the earlier wars of the Franks had been. |||||||||||||||||||||||曾经 ومع ذلك، لم تكن حروب شارلمان من أجل النهب فحسب، أو من أجل المزيد من الأراضي، كما كانت الحال في العديد من حروب الفرنجة السابقة. They were fought either to keep down the peoples whom the Franks had already conquered; or else to keep out new peoples who were seeking to conquer the Franks. |||||保持|||||||||||||保持控制|||||||||| لقد تم قتالهم إما لإخضاع الشعوب التي غزاها الفرنجة بالفعل؛ أو لإبعاد الشعوب الجديدة التي كانت تسعى لغزو الفرنجة. In both these objects Charlemagne was successful. |||endeavors||| في كلا هذين الموضوعين كان شارلمان ناجحًا. The net result of his wars was that almost all those lands which had formerly been under the Emperors of the West, were now brought under the rule of the King of the Franks; and the peoples who lived in these lands, both the old inhabitants and the German newcomers, were allowed peaceably to live together and work out their own destiny. 这||||||||||||哪些|||曾||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||工作||||命运 |final outcome|||||||||||||previously|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||recent settlers||||||||||||future path ||||||||||||||раніше||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| وكانت النتيجة النهائية لحروبه هي أن جميع الأراضي التي كانت في السابق تحت حكم أباطرة الغرب، أصبحت الآن تحت حكم ملك الفرنجة؛ وتم السماح للشعوب التي عاشت في هذه الأراضي، سواء السكان القدامى أو القادمين الجدد الألمان، بالعيش معًا بسلام وتحديد مصيرهم.

The most stubborn enemy that Charlemagne had to fight was the Saxons. كان العدو الأكثر عنادًا الذي كان على شارلمان أن يقاتله هو الساكسونيون. A portion of this people had settled in the island of Britain about three hundred years before; but many Saxon tribes still dwelt in the northern part of Germany. |||||||||||||||||||Germanic||||||||| وكان جزء من هذا الشعب قد استقر في جزيرة بريطانيا قبل حوالي ثلاثمائة عام؛ لكن العديد من القبائل السكسونية ما زالت تسكن في الجزء الشمالي من ألمانيا. In Charlemagne's time they still worshipped Woden and Thor, and lived in much the same way that the Germans had done before the great migrations. |||||崇拜|||||||||||||||||||迁徙 |||||revered|||||||||||||||||||mass movements ||||||||||||||||||||||||міграції في زمن شارلمان، كانوا لا يزالون يعبدون وودن وثور، وكانوا يعيشون بنفس الطريقة التي عاشها الألمان قبل الهجرات الكبرى. It was part of Charlemagne's plan to make himself ruler of all the German nations; besides, there were constant quarrels along the border between the Saxons and the Franks. ||||||||||||||||||||||boundary line|||||| لقد كان جزءًا من خطة شارلمان أن يجعل نفسه حاكمًا لجميع الأمم الألمانية. إلى جانب ذلك، كانت هناك خلافات مستمرة على طول الحدود بين الساكسونيين والفرنجة. The result was that war was declared, and Charlemagne started out to conquer, to Christianize, and to civilize these heathen kinsmen. ||||战争|||||开始|||||基督教化|||||| ||||||formally announced||||||||Convert to Christianity|||||non-Christians|family members |||||||||||||||||||異教徒|同族の者 |||||||||||||||||||язичницькі| وكانت النتيجة إعلان الحرب، وبدأ شارلمان في غزو هؤلاء الأقارب الوثنيين، وتنصيرهم، وحضارتهم. But it was a hard task; and the war lasted many years before it was ended. لكنها كانت مهمة صعبة. واستمرت الحرب سنوات عديدة قبل أن تنتهي. Again and again the Franks would march into the Saxon lands in summer and conquer the Saxon villages; but as soon as they withdrew for the winter the young warriors of the Saxons would come out from the swamps and forests to which they had retreated, and next year the work would have to be done over again. |||||||||||||||||||||||撤退|||||||||||||||沼泽||||||||||一年||工作任务|会|||再次||| |||||||||||||||||||||||pulled back|||||||||||||||wetlands||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||退却した|||||||||||| كان الفرنجة يزحفون مرارًا وتكرارًا إلى الأراضي السكسونية في الصيف ويحتلون القرى السكسونية؛ ولكن بمجرد انسحابهم لفصل الشتاء، سيخرج المحاربون الساكسونيون الشباب من المستنقعات والغابات التي انسحبوا إليها، وفي العام التالي سيتعين عليهم إنجاز العمل مرة أخرى.

After this had occurred several times, Charlemagne determined to make a terrible example. |||||||||制造||| |||happened||||||||| بعد أن حدث هذا عدة مرات، قرر شارلمان أن يقدم مثالًا فظيعًا. После того как это произошло несколько раз, Карл Великий решил показать страшный пример. Forty-five hundred of the Saxon warriors who had rebelled and been captured were put to death by his orders, all in one day. ||||||||||||||||||||所有人||| تم إعدام خمسة وأربعين مائة من المحاربين الساكسونيين الذين تمردوا وتم أسرهم بأوامره، كل ذلك في يوم واحد. This dreadful massacre was the worst thing that Charlemagne ever did; and it did not even succeed in terrifying the Saxons. ||大屠杀||||||||||这可怕的屠杀|做||||||| |horrific|brutal slaughter|||||||||||||||||| كانت هذه المذبحة المروعة أسوأ ما فعله شارلمان على الإطلاق. ولم تنجح حتى في ترويع الساكسونيين. Instead, it led to the hardest and bloodiest war of all, in which a chief named Widukind led on his countrymen to take vengeance for their murdered relatives and friends. |||||||最血腥的|||||||||维杜金德||||同胞们||复仇||||||| |||||||most violent|||||||||a Saxon leader||||fellow citizens||||||||| |||||||кровопролитніший|||||||||Відукінд||||||||||||| وبدلاً من ذلك، أدى ذلك إلى الحرب الأصعب والأكثر دموية على الإطلاق، حيث قاد زعيم يُدعى ويدوكيند مواطنيه للانتقام لأقاربهم وأصدقائهم المقتولين. But in the end Charlemagne and his Franks proved too strong for the Saxons. |||||||||excessively|||| لكن في النهاية أثبت شارلمان وفرانكيون أنهم أقوياء جدًا بالنسبة للساكسونيين. Widukind, at last, was obliged to surrender and be baptized, with all his followers. ||||||give up||||||| |||||||||охрещений|||| أخيرًا، اضطر Widukind إلى الاستسلام والتعميد مع جميع أتباعه. After that the resistance of the Saxons died away; and Charlemagne's treatment of the land was so wise that it became one of the strongest and most important parts of the kingdom. |||||||||||управління|||||||||||||||||||| بعد ذلك تلاشت مقاومة الساكسونيين. وكانت معاملة شارلمان للأرض حكيمة للغاية لدرجة أنها أصبحت واحدة من أقوى وأهم أجزاء المملكة. Charlemagne also fought a number of times against the Arabs in Spain. |||||||||Muslim forces|| كما حارب شارلمان عدة مرات ضد العرب في إسبانيا. He not only prevented them from settling in Southern France, as they had tried to do in the time of Charles Martel; but he won from them a strip of their own country south of the Pyrenees Mountains. |||阻止了||||||||||||||||||||||||一个|||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||narrow piece||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||смугу||||||||| فهو لم يمنعهم فقط من الاستقرار في جنوب فرنسا، كما حاولوا أن يفعلوا في زمن شارل مارتل؛ لكنه حصل منهم على شريط من بلادهم جنوب جبال البيرينيه. In one of these wars, the rearguard of Charlemagne's army was cut off and slain by the mountain tribes in the narrow pass of Roncevalles. ||||||后卫||||||||||||||||||朗斯瓦尔 ||||||rear defense unit||||||||||||||||mountain passage||Roncesvalles Pass ||||||задній загін||||||||||||||||||Ронсеваль في إحدى هذه الحروب، تم قطع الجزء الخلفي من جيش شارلمان وقتله على يد القبائل الجبلية في ممر رونسيفال الضيق. The leader of the Franks was Roland, while the leader of the enemy was called Bernardo. ||||||罗兰|||||||||贝尔纳多 ||||||Frankish leader|||||||||the enemy leader |||||||||||||||Бернардо وكان زعيم الفرنجة هو رولاند، بينما كان زعيم العدو يدعى برناردو. Long after that day strange stories grew up and poets sang of the brave deeds of Roland, and of the mighty blasts which he gave on his hunting-horn, to warn Charlemagne of the danger to his army. |||||||||诗人||||||||||||号角||||||狩猎|||||||||| ||||||||||||||||brave knight||||powerful|powerful sounds|||||||musical instrument||alert||||threat to safety||| |||||||||||||||||||||響き|||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||вибухи|||||||||||||||| وبعد فترة طويلة من ذلك اليوم، نشأت قصص غريبة وتغنى الشعراء عن أعمال رولاند الشجاعة، وعن التفجيرات القوية التي أطلقها على قرن الصيد الخاص به، لتحذير شارلمان من الخطر الذي يهدد جيشه. Muito tempo depois desse dia, surgiram histórias estranhas e os poetas cantaram os feitos corajosos de Rolando e os fortes toques da sua corneta de caça, para avisar Carlos Magno do perigo para o seu exército. Еще долго после этого дня рождались странные истории, а поэты воспевали отважные подвиги Роланда и мощные взрывы, которые он издавал в свой охотничий рог, чтобы предупредить Карла Великого об опасности, грозящей его войску. Three blasts he blew, each so loud and terrible that the birds fell dead from the trees, and the enemy drew back in alarm. |号角|||||||||||||||||||||| |loud sounds||produced sound forcefully|||||||||||||||||retreated in fear||| أطلق ثلاثة انفجارات، كل منها بصوت عالٍ وفظيع لدرجة أن الطيور سقطت ميتة من الأشجار، وانسحب العدو في حالة من الذعر. Three blasts he blew, each so loud and terrible that the birds fell dead from the trees, and the enemy drew back in alarm. Charlemagne, many miles away, heard the call, and hastened to the rescue; but he came too late. ||||received news||||hurried quickly|||to help||||| ||||||||поспішив на допомогу|||||||| سمع شارلمان النداء، على بعد أميال عديدة، وأسرع إلى الإنقاذ؛ لكنه جاء بعد فوات الأوان. An old song says: تقول أغنية قديمة:

"The day of Roncevalles was a dismal day for you, Ye men of France, for there the lance of King Charles was broke in two; Ye well may curse that rueful field, for many a noble peer In fray or fight the dust did bite beneath Bernardo's spear. " ||||||||||你们||||||||||||||||||||悲惨的||||||贵族||战斗||||||||贝尔纳多| ||||||gloomy|||||||||||spear or weapon||||||||You noble warriors|||regret deeply||regretful||||||nobleman||battle or conflict||||||fall in battle||Bernardo's spear| |||||||||||||||||||||||||汝ら|||||悲惨な||||||||戦闘||||||||| ||||||похмурий||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Бернардо| "لقد كان يوم رونسفال يومًا كئيبًا بالنسبة لكم، أيها الرجال الفرنسيون، حيث انكسر رمح الملك تشارلز إلى قسمين؛ ربما تلعنون هذا الحقل الحزين، لأن العديد من النبلاء النبلاء في المعركة أو القتال قد عضهم الغبار. تحت رمح برناردو ". "День Ронсеваля был для вас печален, Вы, люди Франции, ибо там копье короля Карла было сломано надвое; Вы можете проклясть то позорное поле, ибо много благородных пэров В бою или поединке пыль взбили под копьем Бернардо. " In most of his wars Charlemagne was successful; and the stories about him told rather of his glory and his might than of his defeats. |||||||||||||讲述|||||||||||失败 ||||||||||||||||||||power and strength||||losses or failures كان شارلمان ناجحًا في معظم حروبه. وكانت القصص عنه تتحدث عن مجده وقوته وليس عن هزائمه.

One of his most important conquests was that of the Lombards, in Northern Italy. إحدى أهم فتوحاته كانت فتوحات اللومبارد في شمال إيطاليا. Nearly a century afterward, an old monk wrote the story of this war as he had heard it from his father. |||||||写道||||||||||||| وبعد قرن تقريبًا، كتب راهب عجوز قصة هذه الحرب كما سمعها من والده. Desiderius, the King of the Lombards, had offended the Pope, and the Pope appealed to Charlemagne for aid. King Desiderius|||||||angered||||||called upon|||| وكان ديزيديريوس، ملك اللومبارد، قد أساء إلى البابا، فناشد البابا شارلمان المساعدة. When Charlemagne marched his army over the Alps into Italy, the Lombard King shut himself up in his capital, Pavia. |||||||||||||||||||帕维亚 |||||||||||||||||||Pavia, Italy عندما سار شارلمان بجيشه عبر جبال الألب إلى إيطاليا، حبس الملك اللومباردي على نفسه في عاصمته بافيا. There he had with him, according to the story, one of Charlemagne's nobles named Otker, who had offended the dread King and fled from him. ||||||||||||||奥特克|||||可怕||||| ||||||||||||high-ranking officials||Otker||||||||escaped from|| |||||||||||||||||怒らせた||||||| وكان معه هناك، وفقًا للقصة، أحد نبلاء شارلمان يُدعى أوتكر، الذي أساء إلى الملك المخيف وهرب منه. "Now when they heard of the approach of the terrible Charles," writes this old monk, "they climbed up into a high tower, whence they could see in all directions. ||||||||||||||||||||||from which|||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||そこから|||||| يكتب هذا الراهب العجوز: "الآن عندما سمعوا باقتراب تشارلز الرهيب، صعدوا إلى برج عالٍ، حيث يمكنهم الرؤية في كل الاتجاهات. When the advance guard appeared, Desiderius said to Otker: 'Is Charles with this great army, do you think?' ||leading group|front unit|||||||||||||| وعندما ظهر الحرس المتقدم، قال ديزيديريوس لأوتكر: «هل شارل مع هذا الجيش العظيم، في رأيك؟» And he answered: 'Not yet.' فأجاب: ليس بعد. When he saw the main army, gathered from the whole broad empire, Desiderius said with confidence: 'Surely the victorious Charles is with these troops.' وعندما رأى الجيش الرئيسي، متجمعًا من الإمبراطورية الواسعة بأكملها، قال ديزيديريوس بثقة: «من المؤكد أن تشارلز المنتصر هو مع هذه القوات». But Otker answered: 'Not yet, not yet. ' لكن أوتكر أجاب: «ليس بعد، ليس بعد. ' "Then Desiderius began to be troubled, and said: 'What shall we do if still more come with him?' ||开始||||||||||||||| "عندئذ بدأ ديزيديريوس يشعر بالانزعاج، وقال: "ماذا سنفعل إذا جاء المزيد معه؟" Otker answered: 'You will soon see how he will come; but what will become of us, I know not.' |||||||||||什么||变成||||| |||||||||||||||||am unsure| فأجاب أوتكر: «سوف ترى قريبًا كيف سيأتي؛ ولكن ماذا سيحدث لنا، أنا لا أعرف. Otker answered: 'You will soon see how he will come; but what will become of us, I know not.' And, behold, while they were speaking, appeared the servants of Charles's household, a never-resting multitude. |看啊||||||||||||永不|| |observe||||||||||||||large group |見よ|||||||||||||| وبينما كانوا يتحدثون، ظهر خدام منزل تشارلز، وهم جمهور لا يهدأ أبدًا. И вот, пока они говорили, явились слуги из дома Карла, неусыпное множество. 'That is Charles,' said the terrified Desiderius. |||||frightened| قال ديزيديريوس المذعور: «هذا هو تشارلز». But Otker said: 'Not yet, not yet.' لكن أوتكر قال: «ليس بعد، ليس بعد». Then appeared the bishops and the abbots, and the chaplains with their companions. ||||||院长|||牧师||| ||||||monastery leaders|||religious service providers||| ||||||ігумени|||капелани||| ثم ظهر الأساقفة ورؤساء الأديرة والقساوسة وأصحابهم. When he beheld these the Lombard prince, dazed with fear and longing for death, stammered out these words: 'Let us go down and hide in the earth before the wrath of so terrible an enemy!' ||看见|||||目瞪口呆||||渴望|||结结巴巴|||||||||||||||||||| ||saw|||||stunned||||desire for death|||spoke haltingly|||||||||||||||fierce anger||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||怒り||||| عندما رأى هؤلاء الأمير اللومباردي، وهو في حالة ذهول من الخوف والشوق إلى الموت، تلعثم بهذه الكلمات: "دعونا ننزل ونختبئ في الأرض أمام غضب هذا العدو الرهيب!" But Otker, who in better times had known well the power and the arms of the great Charles, answered: 'When you see a harvest of steel waving in the fields, and the rivers dashing steel-black waves against the city walls, then you may believe Charles is coming. ' ||谁||||||||||||||||||||查尔斯||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||weapons||||||||striking forcefully|||||||||||||| لكن أوتكر، الذي كان يعرف جيدًا في الأوقات الأفضل قوة وذراعي تشارلز العظيم، أجاب: «عندما ترى حصادًا من الفولاذ يتموج في الحقول، والأنهار تضرب أمواجًا سوداء فولاذية على أسوار المدينة، فإنك قد يعتقد أن تشارلز قادم. ' "Scarcely had he spoken when there appeared in the North and West a dark cloud, as it were, which wrapped the clear day in most dreadful shadow. Barely|||||||||||||||||||enveloped||||||terrifying| "ما كاد يتكلم حتى ظهرت في الشمال والغرب سحابة داكنة، كما كانت، غطت اليوم الصافي بظل رهيب. But as it drew nearer, there flashed upon the besieged from the gleaming weapons a day that was more terrible for them than any night. ||||||闪现||||||闪亮的|||||||||||| ||||||suddenly appeared|||under attack|||shining brightly|||||||||||| ولكن مع اقترابه، أشرق على المحاصرين من الأسلحة اللامعة يوم كان أفظع عليهم من أي ليلة. Then they saw him,—Charles,—the man of steel; his arms covered with plates of steel, his iron breast and his broad shoulders protected by steel armor. |||||那个|人|||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||armor pieces|||||chest|||wide||shielded||| ثم رأوه، تشارلز، الرجل الفولاذي؛ ذراعيه مغطاة بصفائح من الفولاذ، وصدره الحديدي وأكتافه العريضة محمية بدروع فولاذية. His left hand carried aloft the iron lance, for his right was always ready for the victorious sword. ||||高举||||||||||||| ||||held high||||||||||||| حملت يده اليسرى الرمح الحديدي عالياً، لأن يمينه كانت دائمًا جاهزة للسيف المنتصر. His thighs, which others leave uncovered in order more easily to mount their horses, were covered on the outside with iron scales. ||哪一个||||||||||||||||||| |upper legs||||left bare||||||ride on||||||||||metal plates |стегна||||||||||||||||||||луски فخذاه، التي يتركها الآخرون مكشوفين لتسهيل ركوب خيولهم، كانت مغطاة من الخارج بقشور حديدية. Его бедра, которые другие оставляли непокрытыми, чтобы легче было садиться на лошадь, были покрыты снаружи железными чешуйками. The leg-pieces of steel were common to the whole army. ||||metal armor plates|||||| كانت قطع الأرجل الفولاذية شائعة في الجيش بأكمله. His shield was all of steel, and his horse was iron in color and in spirit. ||是|||||他的|||||||| |||||made of metal|||||||||| وكان درعه كله من الفولاذ، وحصانه حديدي اللون والروح.

"This armor all who rode before him, by his side, or who followed him,—in fact, the whole army,—had tried to imitate as closely as possible. |||所有人||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||copy closely|||| ||||їздили|||||||||||||||||||||| "لقد حاول كل من ركب قبله أو إلى جانبه أو من تبعه، أو في الواقع الجيش بأكمله، تقليد هذا الدرع قدر الإمكان. Steel filled the fields and roads. ملأ الفولاذ الحقول والطرق. The rays of the sun were reflected from gleaming steel. ||||||bounced off||shiny or polished| انعكست أشعة الشمس من الفولاذ اللامع. The people, paralyzed by fear, did homage to the bristling steel; the fear of the steel pierced down deep into the earth. ||瘫痪的||||致敬|||刺耳的|||||||||||| ||immobilized||||paid respect|||threateningly sharp|||||||penetrated deeply into||||| ||||||данину|||колючий|||||||||||| الشعب، الذي شله الخوف، أشاد بالفولاذ الخشن؛ الخوف من الفولاذ الذي اخترق أعماق الأرض. 'Alas, the steel!' «يا للفولاذ!» 'Alas, the steel!' «يا للفولاذ!» cried the inhabitants confusedly. |||困惑地 |||in bewilderment |||заплутано بكى السكان في حيرة. The mighty walls trembled before the steel, and the courage of youths fled before the steel of the aged. |||颤抖|||||||||||这|||| |||shook with fear||||||||young people|ran away||||||older individuals |||||||||||молоді||||||| ارتعدت الأسوار الجبارة أمام الفولاذ، وهربت شجاعة الشباب أمام فولاذ المسنين. The mighty walls trembled before the steel, and the courage of youths fled before the steel of the aged. Могучие стены дрогнули перед сталью, и мужество юношей угасло перед сталью старцев.

"And all this, which I have told with all too many words, the truthful seer Otker saw with one swift look, and said to Desiderius: 'There you have Charles, whom you have so long desired!' ||||||||||||||预言者|奥特克|||一个|||||||||||||有||| |||||||||||||honest and accurate|prophet|||||quick glance||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||予言者|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||пророк|||||||||||||||||||| "وكل هذا، الذي رويته بكل الكلمات الكثيرة، رآه الرائي الصادق أوتكر بنظرة واحدة سريعة، وقال لديزيديريوس: "ها هو تشارلز، الذي طالما رغبت فيه!" And with these words he fell to the ground like one dead. " وبهذه الكلمات سقط على الأرض كميت. " In this war Charlemagne was completely victorious. في هذه الحرب كان شارلمان منتصرا تماما. Desiderius ceased to be King of the Lombards, and Charlemagne became King in his place. |stopped being||||||||||||| توقف ديزيديريوس عن كونه ملك اللومبارديين، وأصبح شارلمان ملكًا مكانه. For centuries after that Charlemagne's successors continued to wear "the iron crown of Italy," which the great King of the Franks had won from Desiderius. ||||查理曼|||||这个||||||||||||||| |||||future rulers||||||||||||||||||| لعدة قرون بعد ذلك، استمر خلفاء شارلمان في ارتداء "تاج إيطاليا الحديدي"، الذي فاز به ملك الفرنجة العظيم من ديزيديريوس. One of the results of the conquest of the Lombards was that Charlemagne was brought into closer relations with the Pope. كانت إحدى نتائج غزو اللومبارد هي أن شارلمان أصبح في علاقات أوثق مع البابا. The Emperor of the East still claimed to rule over Italy; but his rule was feeble, and only a small part of the peninsula was now in the hands of his officers. |||||||||||||||微弱的|||||||||||||||他的| |||||||||||||||weak or ineffective|||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||слабкий|||||||||||||||| ولا يزال إمبراطور الشرق يدعي أنه يحكم إيطاليا؛ لكن حكمه كان ضعيفًا، ولم يعد في أيدي ضباطه سوى جزء صغير من شبه الجزيرة. The real power in Italy had passed into the hands of the King of the Franks; and the question now was, whether the Pope should be under his rule as he had been under that of the Eastern Emperors. |||||||||||||||||这||||||||||||||||||||| انتقلت السلطة الحقيقية في إيطاليا إلى يد ملك الفرنجة. والسؤال الآن هو ما إذا كان ينبغي أن يكون البابا تحت حكمه كما كان تحت حكم الأباطرة الشرقيين. Two things made this question harder to decide. |||||||make a choice هناك شيئان جعلا من الصعب اتخاذ قرار بشأن هذا السؤال. One was that Charlemagne, following the example of his father Pippin, had given to the Pope a large number of the cities and villages which he had conquered in Italy. أحدهما هو أن شارلمان، على غرار والده بيبين، قد أعطى للبابا عددًا كبيرًا من المدن والقرى التي فتحها في إيطاليا. The other was that the Pope, on Christmas day of the year 800, placed a crown on Charlemagne's head as he knelt in prayer in St. ||||||||||||||||||||||||圣 ||||||||||||put on||||||||was kneeling|||| والآخر هو أن البابا، في يوم عيد الميلاد من عام 800، وضع تاجًا على رأس شارلمان وهو راكع في الصلاة في كنيسة القديس يوحنا. Peter's church at Rome, and proclaimed him Emperor. |||||declared|| كنيسة بطرس في روما، وأعلنه إمبراطورًا. These two things helped to make it very hard to decide just what powers the Pope and the King of the Franks should each have. وقد ساعد هذان الأمران في جعل من الصعب جدًا تحديد السلطات التي يجب أن يتمتع بها كل من البابا وملك الفرنجة. When Charlemagne gave those cities and villages to the Pope, did it mean that he gave up the right to rule there, and turned the power over to the Pope, so that the latter became the Prince in these places? |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||那个|||| فعندما أعطى شارلمان تلك المدن والقرى للبابا، فهل يعني ذلك أنه تنازل عن حق الحكم هناك، وسلم السلطة إلى البابا، ليصبح الأخير هو الأمير في هذه الأماكن؟ And when the Pope crowned Charlemagne as Emperor, did that mean that the Pope could not set up and pull down emperors whenever he wanted to? ||||||||助动词||||||可以||||||||||| ||||bestowed the title||||||||||||||||||||| وعندما توج البابا شارلمان إمبراطورا، هل يعني ذلك أن البابا لا يستطيع أن ينصب ويسقط الأباطرة متى أراد ذلك؟ These, you see, are very hard questions to answer; but they are very important questions to understand. كما ترى، من الصعب جدًا الإجابة على هذه الأسئلة؛ لكنها أسئلة مهمة جدًا يجب فهمها. Upon the answers given to them would depend the decision whether the Pope was above the Emperor, or the Emperor above the Pope; and this was a question about which men fought for hundreds of years. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||关于||||||| Based on||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| على الإجابات المقدمة لهم سيعتمد القرار ما إذا كان البابا فوق الإمبراطور، أو الإمبراطور فوق البابا؛ وكان هذا السؤال هو الذي قاتل الرجال لمئات السنين. 根据他们所给出的答案,将决定教皇是否高于皇帝,或皇帝是否高于教皇;而这个问题是人们争斗了数百年的问题。

We may also ask, What was this Empire of which Charlemagne became Emperor on that Christmas morning? وقد نتساءل أيضًا: ما هي هذه الإمبراطورية التي أصبح شارلمان إمبراطورًا عليها في صباح عيد الميلاد ذلك اليوم؟ 我们也可以问,查理曼在那个圣诞早晨成为皇帝的这个帝国是什么? The name which men give to it is "the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation." ||||给予||||这个||||||| والاسم الذي يطلقه الناس عليها هو "الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة للأمة الألمانية". 人们给它的名称是“德意志民族的神圣罗马帝国。” They thought of it as a revival of the old Roman Empire of the East, which had come to an end more than three hundred years before. |复兴||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||renewal|||||||||||||||||||| لقد اعتبروها بمثابة إحياء للإمبراطورية الرومانية الشرقية القديمة، التي انتهت قبل أكثر من ثلاثمائة عام. They called it the Holy  Roman Empire, to show how great a part the Church, and especially the Pope, played in it; and they added the words, of the German Nation, because it was the new and vigorous peoples who had come from the North who now supplied its strength. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||energetic and strong||||||||||provided|| أطلقوا عليها اسم الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة، لإظهار مدى أهمية الدور الذي لعبته الكنيسة، وخاصة البابا، فيها؛ وأضافوا عبارة "الأمة الألمانية" لأن الشعوب الجديدة القوية التي جاءت من الشمال هي التي زودتها بالقوة الآن. Though Charlemagne as Emperor ruled only over the peoples who had obeyed him as King, still men felt that his position now was higher, and his authority greater, than it had been before. |||||||||||||||||||||||more elevated||||||||| ورغم أن شارلمان كإمبراطور لم يحكم إلا الشعوب التي أطاعته كملك، فإن الناس ما زالوا يشعرون أن مركزه الآن أعلى، وسلطته أعظم مما كانت عليه من قبل. For now his power was linked with the majestic history of Rome, and was given a more solemn sanction by the Church. ||||||||||||||||||认可||| |||||connected to|||grand and dignified|||||||||serious and dignified|official approval||| |||||||||||||||||урочистий|святе благословення||| أما الآن فقد ارتبطت سلطته بتاريخ روما المهيب، وقد حظيت بموافقة أكثر جدية من الكنيسة.

In this way the crowning of Charlemagne as Emperor was an event of very great importance. ||||coronation||||||||||| ||||||Карл Великий||||||||| وبهذه الطريقة كان تتويج شارلمان كإمبراطور حدثًا ذا أهمية كبيرة جدًا. For a thousand years after that day, the office of Emperor in the West continued to exist; and for a good part of this time it was one of the most powerful means of holding peoples of Western Europe together in one family of nations, and preventing them from growing wholly unlike and hostile to one another. |||||||这个|皇帝职位|||||||||||西方皇帝||||||||||||||||||||团结||一个|一个民族大家庭|||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||stopping||||completely|dissimilar||antagonistic||| ولألف عام بعد ذلك اليوم، استمر منصب الإمبراطور في الغرب في الوجود؛ وفي جزء كبير من هذا الوقت كانت واحدة من أقوى الوسائل للجمع بين شعوب أوروبا الغربية معًا في أسرة واحدة من الأمم، ومنعهم من النمو بشكل مختلف تمامًا ومعادين لبعضهم البعض. We may truly say that a new age commences in Europe, when force alone no longer rules, and when great ideas, such as the idea of the Church and of the Empire, begin to play a part amid the strife of nations. 我们|||||一个|||开始||||||||||||||||||||||||||||新的时代||||| ||||||||begins|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||in the middle||conflict of nations|| ||||||||починається|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||суперечка|| يمكننا أن نقول حقًا إن عصرًا جديدًا يبدأ في أوروبا، عندما لا تعود القوة وحدها تحكم، وعندما تبدأ الأفكار العظيمة، مثل فكرة الكنيسة والإمبراطورية، في لعب دور وسط صراع الأمم. We may truly say that a new age commences in Europe, when force alone no longer rules, and when great ideas, such as the idea of the Church and of the Empire, begin to play a part amid the strife of nations.

To govern the wide territories which were under his rule, Charlemagne kept up the "counts" or local rulers that he found established in different parts of his Empire. ||||||||||||||伯爵||||||||||||| ||||vast lands||||||||||local rulers||||||||||||| |управляти|||||||||||||||||||||||||| لحكم المناطق الواسعة التي كانت تحت حكمه، أبقى شارلمان على "الكونتات" أو الحكام المحليين الذين وجدهم مستقرين في أجزاء مختلفة من إمبراطوريته. To govern the wide territories which were under his rule, Charlemagne kept up the "counts" or local rulers that he found established in different parts of his Empire. Для управления обширными территориями, находившимися под его властью, Карл Великий держал "графов" или местных правителей, которых он установил в разных частях своей империи. Over these he set higher rulers who were to travel about the country, seeing everything and reporting everything to the King. ||||||||||||||||informing the King|||| ونصب عليهم حكامًا أعلى يسافرون في أنحاء البلاد ويرون كل شيء ويبلغون الملك بكل شيء. Twice a year, in the spring and in the autumn, the nobles of the land were called together to consult with him, and assist him in making laws for the kingdom. |||||||||||||||||||seek advice||||||||||| كان يتم استدعاء نبلاء البلاد مرتين في السنة، في الربيع والخريف، للتشاور معه ومساعدته في سن قوانين المملكة. These assemblies would continue for several days, according to the importance of the business. وتستمر هذه الاجتماعات عدة أيام بحسب أهمية العمل. While they lasted, messengers would come and go from the King's palace, proposing laws to the assembly, and carrying back answers; and no stranger might approach until the business was completed. |||||来|||||||提议法律||||||||||没有陌生人|||||||| ||remained in effect||||||||||suggesting|||||||||||outsider||||||| وأثناء بقائهم، كان الرسل يأتون ويخرجون من قصر الملك، يقترحون القوانين على المجلس، ويحملون الإجابات؛ ولا يجوز لأي غريب أن يقترب حتى يتم الانتهاء من الأمر. If the weather was fine, the assembly met in the open air; but if it was not, then the meetings took place in churches and other buildings. وإذا كان الطقس جيدًا، كان المجلس يجتمع في الهواء الطلق؛ ولكن إذا لم يكن الأمر كذلك، فقد جرت الاجتماعات في الكنائس والمباني الأخرى. The King, meanwhile, was busy receiving presents, talking with the most important men, especially those who dwelt at a distance from his court, and hearing what his nobles and officials had to report to him concerning any part of the kingdom. |||||||||||||||||在||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||accepting gifts|gifts|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||about||||| وكان الملك منشغلا في هذه الأثناء بتلقي الهدايا، والتحدث مع أهم الرجال، وخاصة أولئك الذين يسكنون بعيدا عن بلاطه، وسماع ما يجب أن يخبره به النبلاء والمسؤولون عن أي جزء من المملكة. Король тем временем был занят приемом подарков, беседой с самыми важными людьми, особенно с теми, кто жил в отдалении от его двора, и выслушиванием донесений вельмож и чиновников о тех или иных делах королевства. This last Charlemagne considered very important. 这最后一点||||| This matter||||| يعتبر هذا الأخير شارلمان مهمًا جدًا. As an old writer says: "The King wished to know whether, in any part or any corner of the kingdom, the people murmured or were troubled, and what was the cause of their troubles. |||||||||||||部分|||||||||低声抱怨|||||什么||这个|||| وكما يقول كاتب قديم: "أراد الملك أن يعرف ما إذا كان الناس في أي جزء أو ركن من أركان المملكة يتذمرون أو يضطربون، وما هو سبب اضطراباتهم. Also he wished to know if any of the conquered peoples thought of rebelling, or if any of those who were still independent threatened the kingdom with an attack. |||||||||||||反抗||||||||||||||| كما رغب في معرفة ما إذا كان أي من الشعوب المغزوة فكر في التمرد، أو إذا كان أي من أولئك الذين ما زالوا مستقلين يهددون المملكة بالهجوم. And upon all these matters, wherever a danger or a disturbance arose, his chief questions were concerned with its motives or its cause. " |||||||||||||||是||||||| ||||||||||disruption||||||focused on|||reasons or causes|||reason behind it ||||||||||порушення|||||||||||| وفي كل هذه الأمور، حيثما ظهر خطر أو اضطراب، كانت أسئلته الرئيسية تتعلق بدوافعه أو أسبابه. " Besides being a great warrior and a great ruler, Charlemagne was also a great friend of learning and education. إلى جانب كونه محاربًا عظيمًا وحاكمًا عظيمًا، كان شارلمان أيضًا صديقًا عظيمًا للتعلم والتعليم. He loved to gather about him learned men from all parts of the world. وكان يحب أن يجتمع حوله رجال العلم من جميع أنحاء العالم. He loved to gather about him learned men from all parts of the world. In this "Palace School," as it was called, the King and his wise men discussed learned questions. وفي "مدرسة القصر" كما كانت تسمى، كان الملك وحكماؤه يناقشون المسائل العلمية. Charlemagne himself learned to read only after he was a grown man; and in spite of all his efforts he never succeeded in learning to write. ولم يتعلم شارلمان نفسه القراءة إلا بعد أن أصبح رجلاً بالغًا؛ وعلى الرغم من كل جهوده، لم ينجح قط في تعلم الكتابة. This made him all the more anxious that the bright lads of his kingdom should have the advantages which he lacked. ||||||||||年轻人|||||||||| ||||||||||young men|||||||opportunities||| ||||||||||хлопці|||||||||| وهذا جعله أكثر قلقًا من أن يتمتع الفتيان الأذكياء في مملكته بالمزايا التي كان يفتقر إليها. So he founded schools in the monasteries and bishoprics; in this way he hoped to get learned men for offices in the Church and State. ||||||||主教辖区|||||||获得||||职位||||| |the man|established||||||church districts|||||||||||positions||||| ||||||||司教区|||||||||||||||| ||||||||єпархіях|||||||||||||||| فأسس مدارس في الأديرة والأسقفية؛ وبهذه الطريقة كان يأمل في تعيين رجال متعلمين لمناصب في الكنيسة والدولة. So he founded schools in the monasteries and bishoprics; in this way he hoped to get learned men for offices in the Church and State. The rude, fighting men of that day, however, looked upon learning with contempt; and many noble youths in the schools neglected their books for hawking and warlike exercises. ||||的||||||||||||||||||||猎鹰||| ||||||||||||disdain or scorn||||||||ignored||||bird hunting||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||鷹狩り||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||полювання||| ومع ذلك، كان الرجال المقاتلون الوقحون في ذلك اليوم ينظرون إلى التعلم بازدراء؛ وأهمل العديد من الشباب النبلاء في المدارس كتبهم بسبب الباعة المتجولين والتدريبات الحربية. Однако грубые, боевые люди того времени смотрели на учебу с презрением, и многие знатные юноши в школах пренебрегали книгами ради охоты и воинских упражнений.

The old monk who tell us how Charles overcame King Desiderius, also tells us of the Emperor's wrath when he found the boys of one school going on in this fashion. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||继续|||| |||||||||||||||||fierce anger||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||怒り||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||таким чином الراهب العجوز الذي يخبرنا كيف تغلب تشارلز على الملك ديزيديريوس، يخبرنا أيضًا عن غضب الإمبراطور عندما وجد أولاد إحدى المدارس يسيرون على هذا النحو. The boys of low and middle station had been faithful; and when they presented their compositions and poems to the King, he said: "Many thanks, my sons, that you have taken such pains to carry out my orders to the best of your ability. 这些|男孩们||||||||||||||||||||||许多||||||有|付出了努力|如此|||||||给||||| |||humble status||||||loyal and diligent||||||written works|||||||||||||||||great effort||||||||||| |||||||||||||||композиції|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| كان الأولاد من الطبقة الدنيا والمتوسطة مخلصين؛ وعندما قدموا مؤلفاتهم وقصائدهم إلى الملك، قال: "شكرًا جزيلاً يا أبنائي على أنكم بذلتم كل هذا الجهد لتنفيذ أوامري بأفضل ما في وسعكم. Try now to do better still, and I will give you as reward splendid bishoprics, and make you rulers over monasteries, and you shall be highly honored in my sight." 尝试||到|||||||给予|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||incentive|magnificent|||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||чудові|||||||||||||||| حاول الآن أن تفعل ما هو أفضل من ذلك، وسأعطيك أساقفة رائعة كمكافأة، وأجعلك حكامًا على الأديرة، وسوف تحظى بشرف كبير في نظري.» Try now to do better still, and I will give you as reward splendid bishoprics, and make you rulers over monasteries, and you shall be highly honored in my sight." 现在试着更进一步,我将以华丽的主教职位作为奖励,任命你们为修道院的统治者,你们将在我眼中受高荣。" But to the high-born boys, who had played while the others worked, he cried out in wrath: "You sons of princes, you pretty and dainty little gentlemen, who count upon your birth and your wealth! ||||||||||||||||||你们|||||||娇嫩|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||fierce anger||||||||delicate and refined|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||上品な|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||вишукані|||||||||| ولكن إلى الأولاد ذوي المولد العالي، الذين لعبوا بينما كان الآخرون يعملون، صرخ بغضب: "أنتم أبناء الأمراء، أيها السادة الصغار الجميلون والظرفاء، الذين يعتمدون على ولادتكم وثروتكم! 但对于那些在别人工作时玩耍的高贵少年,他愤怒地喊道:"你们这些王子的儿子,你们这些优雅而娇嫩的小绅士,依靠你们的出生和财富! You have disregarded my orders and your own reputations; you have neglected your studies and spent your time in games and idleness, or in foolish occupations! ||忽视了||||||声誉||||||||||||||||| ||ignored||||||good names||||||||||||||||| ||ігнорував|||||||||||||||||||пустощі|||| لقد تجاهلت أوامري وسمعتك؛ لقد أهملت دراستك وأمضيت وقتك في اللهو والبطالة أو في المهن الحمقاء! 你们无视了我的命令和你们自己的名声;你们忽视了学业,花时间在游戏和闲散之中,或从事愚蠢的事情! I care little for your noble birth, and your pretty looks, though others think them so fine! |||||||||||||认为||| أنا لا أهتم كثيرًا بميلادك النبيل، ومظهرك الجميل، على الرغم من أن الآخرين يعتقدون أنهما جيدان جدًا! And let me promise you this: if you do not make haste to recover what you have lost by your neglect, you need never think to get any favors from Charles! " ||||||||||赶紧|匆忙||||||||你的|||需要的|永远不要||||||| |||||||||||hurry up|||||||||lack of attention||||||||special treatment|| |||||||||||поспіх|||||||||недбалість|||||||||| واسمحوا لي أن أعدكم بهذا: إذا لم تسارعوا إلى استعادة ما فقدته بسبب إهمالكم، فلن تفكروا أبدًا في الحصول على أي خدمات من تشارلز! " И вот что я вам обещаю: если вы не поспешите вернуть то, что потеряли по своей небрежности, вам не стоит и думать о том, чтобы получить какие-либо милости от Карла! " In many other ways, besides those which we have mentioned, Charlemagne did a great work for the peoples over whom he ruled, and laid the foundations on which the ages that came after builded. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||到来的||建立了 |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||built upon |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||побудували ومن نواحٍ أخرى عديدة، إلى جانب تلك التي ذكرناها، قدم شارلمان عملاً عظيمًا للشعوب التي حكمها، ووضع الأسس التي قامت عليها العصور اللاحقة. In many other ways, besides those which we have mentioned, Charlemagne did a great work for the peoples over whom he ruled, and laid the foundations on which the ages that came after builded. In the troubled times that followed his death much of his work seemed to be swept away; but this was only in seeming, for the most important parts of it lived and still live in the governments and civilization of the world. |||||||||||||||erased or removed|||||||||||||||||||||||||| في الأوقات العصيبة التي أعقبت وفاته بدا أن الكثير من أعماله قد جرفت؛ ولكن ذلك لم يكن إلا في الظاهر، فالأهم منها عاش وما زال يعيش في حكومات العالم وحضارته.

Before taking leave of this great King, perhaps you would like to know what he looked like, and how he lived. |离开||||||||||||||||||| قبل أن تودع هذا الملك العظيم، ربما تود أن تعرف كيف كان شكله، وكيف عاش. One of the learned men of his court has left a good description of him. ||||||||||||detailed account|| وقد ترك له أحد علماء بلاطه وصفًا جيدًا. "He was tall and stoutly built," he says, "his height being just seven times the length of his own foot. ||||结实地||||||||||||||| ||||Solidly or robustly|||||||||||foot's measurement|||| ||||стійко||||||||||||||| يقول: "كان طويل القامة وقوي البنية، وكان طوله سبعة أضعاف طول قدمه فقط. "He was tall and stoutly built," he says, "his height being just seven times the length of his own foot. His head was round, his eyes large and lively, his nose somewhat above the common size, and his expression bright and cheerful. |||||||||||||||大小|||||| ||||||||full of energy|||Slightly|||||||||| كان رأسه مستديرًا، وعيناه كبيرتان وحيويتان، وأنفه أكبر قليلاً من الحجم المعتاد، وتعبيره مشرق ومبهج. Whether he stood or sat, his form was full of dignity; for the good proportion and grace of his body prevented the observer from noticing that his neck was rather short and his person rather too fleshy." |||||他的||||||||好的|||||||使得|||||||||||||身材|||肉感 ||||||||||Noble bearing||||Balanced dimensions||elegant movement||||||onlooker||||||||||||||plump or stout ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||м'ясистий سواء كان واقفاً أو جالساً، كان شكله مليئاً بالكرامة؛ لأن التناسب الجيد في جسده ورشاقته منعت المراقب من ملاحظة أن رقبته كانت قصيرة نوعًا ما وأن جسده سمين جدًا إلى حد ما. Whether he stood or sat, his form was full of dignity; for the good proportion and grace of his body prevented the observer from noticing that his neck was rather short and his person rather too fleshy." He was very active, this same writer tells us, and delighted in riding and hunting, and was skilled in swimming. ||||||||||took great pleasure||||||||| كان نشيطًا جدًا، كما يخبرنا الكاتب نفسه، وكان يحب ركوب الخيل والصيد، وكان ماهرًا في السباحة. It was, indeed, because of its natural warm baths that he made his favorite residence and capital at Aachen (The Frank Aix-la-Chapelle). ||||||||||||||||||亚琛|||亚琛||沙尔堡 ||||||||||||||main home||||||||| في الواقع، بسبب حماماتها الطبيعية الدافئة، جعل من مقر إقامته المفضل وعاصمته في آخن (The Frank Aix-la-Chapelle). He always wore the Frankish dress; but on days of state he added to this an embroidered cloak and jeweled crown, and carried a sword with a jeweled hilt. ||||||||日子|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||ceremonial occasions||||||decorated with needlework|decorative outer garment||adorned with gems|||||||||sword handle كان يرتدي دائمًا اللباس الفرنجي. ولكنه في أيام الدولة أضاف إليها عباءة مطرزة وتاجاً مرصعاً بالجواهر، وحمل سيفاً بمقبض مرصع بالجواهر. The name (Charlemagne), by which we know him, is French, but the King himself, in speech, dress, and habits, was a thoroughly German king, and ruled over a thoroughly German people. |||||||||||||||||||||completely||||||||| الاسم (شارلمان) الذي نعرفه به هو فرنسي، لكن الملك نفسه، في الكلام والملابس والعادات، كان ملكًا ألمانيًا بالكامل، ويحكم شعبًا ألمانيًا بالكامل.