×

We use cookies to help make LingQ better. By visiting the site, you agree to our cookie policy.

image

The Infographics Show, Ways People Have Disposed Bodies

Ways People Have Disposed Bodies

Listen, we're not going to judge you- what are we the police... or your parents?- but

you've got a body on your hands and a real pressing need to dispose of it.

Maybe you've been engaging in some cloning shenanigans and discovered that just because

you clone a human being, doesn't mean it comes with a soul.

Maybe you've been 'Weekend at Bernies'ing your dead boss.

Whatever your situation, you're gonna have to get rid of that body pronto before local

law enforcement gets all 'questiony' about the corpse in your basement.

So let's work on getting rid of that little problem of yours.

-Bury It- The phrase “six feet under” exists for

a reason, because historically it's been the best way to dispose of a body without said

body pulling a Britney Spears-esque comeback on you.

Real estate and body disposal have two things in common- location, location, location.

You want to make sure that your dead body isn't going to be turning up anytime soon,

and that means burying it in a place nobody is going to accidentally dig it up, or where

it'll draw unnatural attention.

You might think you need to go remote, and you'd typically be right, but sometimes close

to home is best.

Ever heard of the expression “hide in plain sight”?

Works great for bodies too- especially if you own the land where the body is going to

be hidden.

If you happen to be a property owner then you can pull the same move many serial killers

do, and simply bury it on your own property.

By doing so you can ensure that no work crews are going to accidentally stumble upon your

corpse, though you'll want to make sure that you aren't threatened by eviction anytime

soon, because once the new owners start finding corpses all over the backyard you can bet

the cops are going to come looking for the previous owner.

Also, just as a word of caution, burying corpses in your own basement is a super good way to

make sure they're never found, but also a super good way of ensuring that your house

is haunted as balls.

So, you know, weigh the pros and cons.

Other good places to bury a body would be freshly dug utility ditches such as those

used for sewer lines or utilities.

Because of the danger of severing vital utility lines, nobody is going to go digging in that

spot anytime soon, just make sure you dig the minimum six feet.

Wherever you dig your disposal hole just make sure that the body is deep enough that scavengers

and sniffer dogs won't go poking around, and scatter leaves and twigs to make it less obvious

that there's a fresh grave in the middle of otherwise undisturbed wilderness.

If you're particularly worried about police sniffer dogs- and you should be- you can bury

a decoy by simply killing an animal and burying that, with your dead body six feet below it.

Of course why go through all that trouble when you can just reuse an existing grave-

or make use of a freshly dug one.

It may require careful coordination, but if you plan your murder around the same time

that you know your local cemetery is going to be digging new graves, then simply bury

your victim a few feet past the bottom of a freshly dug grave.

Or maybe visit grandma in the cemetery and give her a friend to spend eternity with.

-Burning- Burning seems like a foolproof method for

dead body disposal, after all we literally cremate people when we choose to not plant

them in the ground for future generations to deal with.

While burning can certainly help dispose of identifying characteristics and things like

DNA, it comes with a rather large set of problems.

First, burning a body isn't going to be like burning garden clippings- burning bodies are

going to smell awful, making neighbors very curious, and give off thick black plumes of

smoke, making the fire department even more curious.

So wherever you decide to burn, your backyard is not going to be a great place for the task.

Then there's the actual burning.

Human bodies are lousy with water, which means that a lot of the body isn't going to burn

as much burn as just blacken, leaving behind a husk that is still very much recognizable

as a human body.

This is why crematoriums burn at a thousand degrees, it's the only way to ensure that

the body is fully cremated into ash- though this often still leaves behind large chunks

of bone which must be ground up.

Then there's the teeth, which are designed by evolution to last for most of your lifetime,

making them incredibly tough.

At best, burning a body may be a good intermediary step, a way to try and cover up your crime

on the way to a real disposal method.

-Acid- This one's a fan favorite, especially if you're

a fan of Breaking Bad.

After all, a chemistry teacher should definitely know what he's talking about when it comes

to flesh dissolving acids.

Well, Walter White was definitely using more than hydrofluoric acid to get rid of his body.

While hydrofluoric acid is great at breaking flesh down, it takes a long time to act and

won't completely break a body down.

Of course that might not be such a big issue if you're just looking to avoid having a body

identified- but if you want to make it disappear completely, it wont' do the trick.

Hydrochloric acid is another good candidate, but it gives off extremely strong fumes that

are sure to give you away- and possibly kill you if you aren't wearing a respirator.

Unless you have no neighbors for a good distance around you, hydrochloric acid in the quantities

you need is going to both pose a serious health hazard to yourself, and alert anybody with

a working nose for quite a distance around your house.

Another problem with our previous two acids is that getting access to large enough quantities

of them to dissolve a body is going to raise some serious red flags in the ensuing police

investigation- especially if you get fingered as a suspect.

Instead, look for an over-the-counter solution, specifically: drain unblocker.

These products are designed to dissolve all the human junk that you shove down your shower-

or toilet- drain, so they're basically a shoe-in for the job.

The sodium hydroxide in the drain unblocker is the active ingredient here, and will leave

behind nothing much more than a shell of a skeleton which can be easily ground up into

dust.

-Woodchipper- A real movie classic, you know we couldn't

leave this one out.

Woodchippers are great for turning big problems into a lot of very little problems.

The downside to woodchippers though is that they turn big problems into a lot of very

little problems.

As in blood, bone, and hair evidence that will come out the other end in a high-speed

blast of prosecution evidence against you in court.

Even going somewhere remote isn't guaranteed to keep you safe from discovery, as the high

speed grinding and shredding will emit a blast of aerosolized blood which will plant DNA

all over your clothes, and curious cops are crazy good at sniffing out DNA evidence.

-Davey Jones Locker- There's perhaps no more classic body disposal

method than to simply chuck it overboard into the briny depths.

First though, we do mean the briny depths- forget about any freshwater lakes or even

worse, a river.

Those places are lousy with curious swimmers and divers, and they are home to so much recreational

and commercial activity that you're practically begging to get caught.

Don't take any chances and just rent yourself a speedboat and pull off a Dexter by dumping

the body overboard far out at sea.

Just make sure that the body is going to, you know, stay at the bottom of the ocean.

As the human body decomposes, it bloats, and this makes it incredibly buoyant, sending

it bobbing back up to the surface.

Same goes for body parts, so when sinking your body you want to make sure that the entire

thing is going to stay down there, and not have a foot or an arm embarrassingly wash

up on a beach a few weeks later.

You should wrap the body tightly with something that will resist both the erosive qualities

of seawater and the nibbling of hungry sea critters, so things like metal wire will work

best.

With the body wrapped tightly, it'll keep limbs from floating away, and the added weight

will help it stay at the bottom.

Doing a bit of research into sea currents couldn't hurt either, as it'll help you identify

places where even if parts of the body break off, they might not wash up near crowded beaches

or at least take a long time to do so.

Also, make sure you're going far out to sea- like past the continental shelf where there's

less chance of discovery.

You might be looking at a trip of a hundred or two hundred nautical miles, but it'll be

worth it to make sure your little accident isn't accidentally discovered.

-Pigs- In 2012 an Oregon farmer was eaten by his

own pigs.

By the time that family came by to check on him, all that was left was his dentures and

small bits of his body.

In 2020, a polish farmer is believed to have suffered a heart attack which caused him to

keel over in his pig pen.

The pigs devoured everything except for some bits of skull and other bone.

Both of these men were believed to have been eaten after they were incapacitated or perhaps

dead from heart attacks, but in 2015 a man was knocked down by his pigs and eaten alive.

The point we're very clearly trying to make here is that pigs are scary good at getting

rid of bodies, given their incredible appetites.

Our sub-point is that you should eat more bacon because if the pigs had it their way,

you'd be the bacon.

When feeding your body to pigs, you'll have to keep an eye out for remaining bone fragments

and things like teeth.

You'll also want to pay close attention to their poop, because large chunks of bone and

those pesky teeth could be passed through the digestive tract and leave behind evidence

to be discovered.

Also, you should probably take care not to become a victim yourself, given how incredibly

dangerous these seemingly placid animals can be.

-Molten Metal- The problem with fire is that normal fire

doesn't burn hot enough to dispose of a body, so naturally one might be tempted to consider

the superheated flames of a modern smelting refinery.

You would be right in assuming that these superheated fires will eradicate a human body,

and you could even pose the body with a thumbs up so you could pay fan service to Terminator

II while you're at it.

If you're in short supply of molten metal, or have no friendly smelter around willing

to give you private access to their industrial facility while asking few questions, you could

try and drop the body into lava, which burns around 1200 C and is more than enough to incinerate

every piece of evidence a body might leave behind.

That might require a bit of a trek to get to the top of a currently active volcano,

in which case we recommend you chop the body up into more manageable pieces and wrap them

in seran wrap.

You can make multiple trips, sticking parts of the body in your bag a few at a time- and

if you freeze the body before you get to chopping you'll avoid much of the mess.

-Promession- If fire isn't your thing, maybe ice is.

Promession is pretty much the opposite of cremation, though might require a bit more

industrial equipment to pull off successively.

While cremating a body reduces it to ash, promession reduces the body to freeze dried

powder.

First the body is frozen and placed in a vat of liquid nitrogen, then once fully frozen

the body is placed on a mechanical device which vibrates the body at incredible speeds.

This disintegrates the fragile and frozen body into a powder, after which the powder

is freeze-dried in a vacuum chamber which sucks out all the water.

What's left is a very manageable powdered mass of ex-human being, which will be impossible

to identify and easily disposed of.

Want to dive deeper into the world of crime?

Then check out The First Ever Crime Has Just Been Committed In Space, or click this other

video instead!

Learn languages from TV shows, movies, news, articles and more! Try LingQ for FREE

Ways People Have Disposed Bodies Способы|||| |||Disposed of| Wie Menschen ihre Leichen entsorgten Τρόποι με τους οποίους οι άνθρωποι έχουν διαθέσει πτώματα Formas de deshacerse de los cadáveres Façons dont les gens se sont débarrassés des corps Modi in cui le persone si sono liberate dei corpi 遺体の処理方法 사람들이 시신을 처리하는 방법 Būdai, kuriais žmonės atsikratė kūnų Manieren waarop mensen zich van lichamen hebben ontdaan Sposoby, w jakie ludzie pozbywali się ciał Formas de eliminação de cadáveres Способы утилизации тел İnsanların Cesetlerden Kurtulma Yolları 人们处理尸体的方式 人們處理屍體的方式

Listen, we're not going to judge you- what are we the police... or your parents?- but |||||осуждать|||являемся|мы|какие-то|||||

you've got a body on your hands and a real pressing need to dispose of it. |||||||||||||get rid||

Maybe you've been engaging in some cloning shenanigans and discovered that just because |||||||搞搞震||||| ||||||cloning activities|activities|||||

you clone a human being, doesn't mean it comes with a soul. |verb||||||||||

Maybe you've been 'Weekend at Bernies'ing your dead boss. |||||faking his presence||| Может быть, вы проводили "Уик-энд в Бернисе" со своим умершим боссом.

Whatever your situation, you're gonna have to get rid of that body pronto before local ||||||||||||即刻处理|| ||||||||||||quickly||

law enforcement gets all 'questiony' about the corpse in your basement. |執法||||||||| |law enforcement|||inquisitive|||body in basement|||

So let's work on getting rid of that little problem of yours.

-Bury It- The phrase “six feet under” exists for Bury||||||||

a reason, because historically it's been the best way to dispose of a body without said

body pulling a Britney Spears-esque comeback on you. |||||布兰妮式|||

Real estate and body disposal have two things in common- location, location, location.

You want to make sure that your dead body isn't going to be turning up anytime soon,

and that means burying it in a place nobody is going to accidentally dig it up, or where

it'll draw unnatural attention.

You might think you need to go remote, and you'd typically be right, but sometimes close |||||||work remotely||||||||

to home is best.

Ever heard of the expression “hide in plain sight”?

Works great for bodies too- especially if you own the land where the body is going to

be hidden.

If you happen to be a property owner then you can pull the same move many serial killers

do, and simply bury it on your own property. |||dispose of|||||

By doing so you can ensure that no work crews are going to accidentally stumble upon your |||||||||work teams|||||||

corpse, though you'll want to make sure that you aren't threatened by eviction anytime ||||||||||||逐出尸体| ||||||||||||eviction notice| ||||||||||||驅逐|

soon, because once the new owners start finding corpses all over the backyard you can bet ||||||||bodies|||||||

the cops are going to come looking for the previous owner.

Also, just as a word of caution, burying corpses in your own basement is a super good way to

make sure they're never found, but also a super good way of ensuring that your house

is haunted as balls. призраки, как яйца.

So, you know, weigh the pros and cons. |||||advantages||cons list

Other good places to bury a body would be freshly dug utility ditches such as those |||||||||||utility|utility ditches|||

used for sewer lines or utilities. ||sewer|||services

Because of the danger of severing vital utility lines, nobody is going to go digging in that |||||切断||||||||||| |||||cutting||||||||||| |||||перерізання|||||||||||

spot anytime soon, just make sure you dig the minimum six feet.

Wherever you dig your disposal hole just make sure that the body is deep enough that scavengers ||||||||||||||||食腐动物 ||||||||||||||||wild animals ||||||||||||||||食腐動物

and sniffer dogs won't go poking around, and scatter leaves and twigs to make it less obvious |嗅探犬||||嗅来嗅去||||||樹枝叶||||| ||||||||scattering|||small branches|||||

that there's a fresh grave in the middle of otherwise undisturbed wilderness. ||||||||||未受干扰|荒野之中 ||||||||||untouched|natural area

If you're particularly worried about police sniffer dogs- and you should be- you can bury ||||||dogs||||||||

a decoy by simply killing an animal and burying that, with your dead body six feet below it. |诱饵|||||||||||||||| |decoy||||||||||||||||

Of course why go through all that trouble when you can just reuse an existing grave- 當然|||||||||||||||

or make use of a freshly dug one.

It may require careful coordination, but if you plan your murder around the same time

that you know your local cemetery is going to be digging new graves, then simply bury

your victim a few feet past the bottom of a freshly dug grave.

Or maybe visit grandma in the cemetery and give her a friend to spend eternity with. ||||||||||||||eternity together|

-Burning- Burning seems like a foolproof method for

dead body disposal, after all we literally cremate people when we choose to not plant |||||||火化人||||||| |||||||cremate|||||||

them in the ground for future generations to deal with.

While burning can certainly help dispose of identifying characteristics and things like

DNA, it comes with a rather large set of problems.

First, burning a body isn't going to be like burning garden clippings- burning bodies are |||||||||||剪下物件|||

going to smell awful, making neighbors very curious, and give off thick black plumes of

smoke, making the fire department even more curious.

So wherever you decide to burn, your backyard is not going to be a great place for the task.

Then there's the actual burning.

Human bodies are lousy with water, which means that a lot of the body isn't going to burn В человеческом теле мало воды, а это значит, что большая часть тела не будет сгорать.

as much burn as just blacken, leaving behind a husk that is still very much recognizable |||||||||外壳|||||| |||||charred||||shell|||||| |||||||||обвуглена оболонка|||||| |||||||||||||||可辨識

as a human body.

This is why crematoriums burn at a thousand degrees, it's the only way to ensure that |||火葬场|||||||||||| |||cremation facilities||||||||||||

the body is fully cremated into ash- though this often still leaves behind large chunks ||||cremated||remains||||||||pieces

of bone which must be ground up.

Then there's the teeth, which are designed by evolution to last for most of your lifetime,

making them incredibly tough.

At best, burning a body may be a good intermediary step, a way to try and cover up your crime |||||||||中间步骤|||||||||| |||||||||intermediate|||||||||| |||||||||中介步驟||||||||||

on the way to a real disposal method.

-Acid- This one's a fan favorite, especially if you're

a fan of Breaking Bad.

After all, a chemistry teacher should definitely know what he's talking about when it comes

to flesh dissolving acids.

Well, Walter White was definitely using more than hydrofluoric acid to get rid of his body. ||||||||氢氟酸||||||| |Walter White|||||||hydrofluoric acid||||dispose of||| ||||||||氫氟酸||||||| Уолтер Уайт определенно использовал не только плавиковую кислоту, чтобы избавиться от своего тела.

While hydrofluoric acid is great at breaking flesh down, it takes a long time to act and

won't completely break a body down.

Of course that might not be such a big issue if you're just looking to avoid having a body

identified- but if you want to make it disappear completely, it wont' do the trick. |||||||||||will not||| но если вы хотите, чтобы она полностью исчезла, это не поможет.

Hydrochloric acid is another good candidate, but it gives off extremely strong fumes that 鹽酸||||||||||||| acid|||||||||||||

are sure to give you away- and possibly kill you if you aren't wearing a respirator. |||||||||||||||呼吸器 |||||||||||||||breathing mask

Unless you have no neighbors for a good distance around you, hydrochloric acid in the quantities

you need is going to both pose a serious health hazard to yourself, and alert anybody with

a working nose for quite a distance around your house.

Another problem with our previous two acids is that getting access to large enough quantities

of them to dissolve a body is going to raise some serious red flags in the ensuing police ||||||||||||||||following| ||||||||||||||||наступні дії поліції|

investigation- especially if you get fingered as a suspect. |||||identified||| особенно если вы попадете под подозрение.

Instead, look for an over-the-counter solution, specifically: drain unblocker. ||||||||||通渠剂 ||||||||||drain unblocker

These products are designed to dissolve all the human junk that you shove down your shower- ||||||||||||推落去||| ||||||||||||put|||

or toilet- drain, so they're basically a shoe-in for the job. или туалетного слива, так что их можно смело использовать в работе.

The sodium hydroxide in the drain unblocker is the active ingredient here, and will leave |梗係钠|氢氧化物|||||||||||| ||sodium hydroxide||||||||||||

behind nothing much more than a shell of a skeleton which can be easily ground up into

dust.

-Woodchipper- A real movie classic, you know we couldn't 木材粉碎机|||||||| Woodchipper movie||||||||

leave this one out.

Woodchippers are great for turning big problems into a lot of very little problems. Woodchippers|||||||||||||

The downside to woodchippers though is that they turn big problems into a lot of very |disadvantage||||||||||||||

little problems.

As in blood, bone, and hair evidence that will come out the other end in a high-speed

blast of prosecution evidence against you in court. ||檢方||||| ||legal action|||||

Even going somewhere remote isn't guaranteed to keep you safe from discovery, as the high |||||保證|||||||||

speed grinding and shredding will emit a blast of aerosolized blood which will plant DNA |||粉碎||||||氣霧化的||||| |||shredding||||||sprayed particles||||| |||||||||аерозольна кров||||| |||||||||气溶化血液||||| При скоростном измельчении и дроблении выделяется аэрозоль крови, который заселяет ДНК

all over your clothes, and curious cops are crazy good at sniffing out DNA evidence. |||||||||||detecting|||

-Davey Jones Locker- There's perhaps no more classic body disposal Davey Jones||Locker|||||||

method than to simply chuck it overboard into the briny depths. ||||扔掉|||||| |||||||||ocean|ocean depths чем просто выкинуть его за борт на глубину.

First though, we do mean the briny depths- forget about any freshwater lakes or even ||||||鹹水的||||||||

worse, a river.

Those places are lousy with curious swimmers and divers, and they are home to so much recreational ||||||||||||||||娱乐活动 |||full||||||||||||| ||||||плавці та дайвери||||||||||

and commercial activity that you're practically begging to get caught. и коммерческой деятельности, что вы практически напрашиваетесь на то, чтобы вас поймали.

Don't take any chances and just rent yourself a speedboat and pull off a Dexter by dumping ||||||||||||||迪斯特||

the body overboard far out at sea.

Just make sure that the body is going to, you know, stay at the bottom of the ocean.

As the human body decomposes, it bloats, and this makes it incredibly buoyant, sending ||||||胀大||||||浮力强| ||||breaks down||swells up||||||floatable|

it bobbing back up to the surface. |浮返上嚟||||| |rising|||||

Same goes for body parts, so when sinking your body you want to make sure that the entire

thing is going to stay down there, and not have a foot or an arm embarrassingly wash |||||||||||||||尷尬地| |||||||||||||||awkwardly|

up on a beach a few weeks later.

You should wrap the body tightly with something that will resist both the erosive qualities |||||||||||||侵蝕性的| ||cover|||||||||||wearing away| |||||||||||||ерозійні властивості|

of seawater and the nibbling of hungry sea critters, so things like metal wire will work |ocean water|||eating||||creatures|||||||

best.

With the body wrapped tightly, it'll keep limbs from floating away, and the added weight |||||||arms and legs|||||||

will help it stay at the bottom.

Doing a bit of research into sea currents couldn't hurt either, as it'll help you identify

places where even if parts of the body break off, they might not wash up near crowded beaches

or at least take a long time to do so.

Also, make sure you're going far out to sea- like past the continental shelf where there's ||||||||||||大陸|||

less chance of discovery.

You might be looking at a trip of a hundred or two hundred nautical miles, but it'll be |||||||||||||海里嘅|||| |||||||||||||nautical miles||||

worth it to make sure your little accident isn't accidentally discovered.

-Pigs- In 2012 an Oregon farmer was eaten by his

own pigs.

By the time that family came by to check on him, all that was left was his dentures and |||||||||||||||||假牙| |||||||||||||||||false teeth|

small bits of his body.

In 2020, a polish farmer is believed to have suffered a heart attack which caused him to

keel over in his pig pen. 翻倒||||| tipped||||| завалился на бок в своем загоне для свиней.

The pigs devoured everything except for some bits of skull and other bone. ||啃晒晒|||||||||| ||gobbled up||||||||||

Both of these men were believed to have been eaten after they were incapacitated or perhaps |||||||||||||失去能力|| |||||||||||||rendered unable|| |||||||||||||無法行動||

dead from heart attacks, but in 2015 a man was knocked down by his pigs and eaten alive.

The point we're very clearly trying to make here is that pigs are scary good at getting

rid of bodies, given their incredible appetites. ||||||hunger

Our sub-point is that you should eat more bacon because if the pigs had it their way,

you'd be the bacon.

When feeding your body to pigs, you'll have to keep an eye out for remaining bone fragments ||||||||||||||||bone fragments

and things like teeth.

You'll also want to pay close attention to their poop, because large chunks of bone and

those pesky teeth could be passed through the digestive tract and leave behind evidence |烦人的||||||||消化道|||| |annoying||||||||||||

to be discovered.

Also, you should probably take care not to become a victim yourself, given how incredibly

dangerous these seemingly placid animals can be. |||平静嘅||| |||calm|||

-Molten Metal- The problem with fire is that normal fire

doesn't burn hot enough to dispose of a body, so naturally one might be tempted to consider 不會|||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||inclined||

the superheated flames of a modern smelting refinery. |extremely hot|||||smelting|smelting facility

You would be right in assuming that these superheated fires will eradicate a human body, |||||||||||消灭||| |||||||||fires||destroy|||

and you could even pose the body with a thumbs up so you could pay fan service to Terminator ||||||||||||||||||Terminator 1

II while you're at it.

If you're in short supply of molten metal, or have no friendly smelter around willing ||||||||||||metal processing facility||

to give you private access to their industrial facility while asking few questions, you could

try and drop the body into lava, which burns around 1200 C and is more than enough to incinerate |||||||||||||||||焚烧 |||||||||||||||||reduce to ash

every piece of evidence a body might leave behind.

That might require a bit of a trek to get to the top of a currently active volcano,

in which case we recommend you chop the body up into more manageable pieces and wrap them ||||||cut||||||||||

in seran wrap. |保鲜膜| |will be| |харчова плівка| в серановой обертке.

You can make multiple trips, sticking parts of the body in your bag a few at a time- and

if you freeze the body before you get to chopping you'll avoid much of the mess.

-Promession- If fire isn't your thing, maybe ice is. 冰葬法|||||||| Promession|||||||| Промесія||||||||

Promession is pretty much the opposite of cremation, though might require a bit more |||||||cremation process|||||| Belofte is vrijwel het tegenovergestelde van crematie, hoewel er misschien iets meer nodig is

industrial equipment to pull off successively. |||||in succession

While cremating a body reduces it to ash, promession reduces the body to freeze dried

powder.

First the body is frozen and placed in a vat of liquid nitrogen, then once fully frozen |||||||||大桶||||||| |||||||||резервуар|||||||

the body is placed on a mechanical device which vibrates the body at incredible speeds. |||||||||震动||||| |||||||||oscillates|||||

This disintegrates the fragile and frozen body into a powder, after which the powder |breaks down||||||||||||

is freeze-dried in a vacuum chamber which sucks out all the water. ||||||||removes||||

What's left is a very manageable powdered mass of ex-human being, which will be impossible 剩低嘅||||||||||||||| ||||||powdered|||||||||

to identify and easily disposed of.

Want to dive deeper into the world of crime?

Then check out The First Ever Crime Has Just Been Committed In Space, or click this other

video instead!