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TEDTalks, Helen Fisher – The science of love, and the future of women (2006)

Helen Fisher – The science of love, and the future of women (2006)

I'd like to talk today about the two biggest social trends in the coming century, and perhaps in the next 10,000 years. But I want to start with my work on romantic love, because that's my most recent work. What I and my colleagues did was to put 32 people, who were madly in love, into a functional MRI brain scanner. 17 who were madly in love and their love was accepted; and 15 who were madly in love and they had just been dumped. And so I want to tell you about that first, and then go on into where I think love is going.

"What 'tis to love?" Shakespeare said. I think our ancestors -- I think human beings have been wondering about this question since they sat around their campfires or lay and watched the stars a million years ago. I started out by trying to figure out what romantic love was by looking at the last 45 years of research on -- just the psychological research, and as it turns out, there's a very specific group of things that happen when you fall in love. The first thing that happens is what I call -- a person begins to take on what I call, "special meaning." As a truck driver once said to me, he said, "The world had a new center, and that center was Mary Anne." George Bernard Shaw said it a little differently. He said, "Love consists of overestimating the differences between one woman and another." And indeed, that's what we do. (Laughter) And then you just focus on this person. You can list what you don't like about them, but then you sweep that aside and focus on what you do. As Chaucer said, "Love is blind." In trying to understand romantic love, I decided I would read poetry from all over the world, and I just want to give you one very short poem from eighth-century China, because it's an almost perfect example of a man who is focused totally on a particular woman. It's a little bit like when you are madly in love with somebody and you walk into a parking lot. Their car is different from every other car in the parking lot. Their wine glass at dinner is different from every other wine glass at the dinner party. And in this case, a man got hooked on a bamboo sleeping mat.

And it goes like this. It's by a guy called Yuan Chen: "I cannot bear to put away the bamboo sleeping mat. The night I brought you home, I watched you roll it out." He became hooked on a sleeping mat, probably because of elevated activity of dopamine in his brain, just like with you and me.

But anyway, not only does this person take on special meaning, you focus your attention on them. You aggrandize them. But you have intense energy. As one Polynesian said, he said, "I felt like jumping in the sky." You're up all night. You're walking till dawn. You feel intense elation when things are going well, mood swings into horrible despair when things are going poorly. Real dependence on this person. As one businessman in New York said to me, he said, "Anything she liked, I liked." Simple. Romantic love is very simple.

You become extremely sexually possessive. You know, if you're just sleeping with somebody casually, you don't really care if they're sleeping with somebody else. But the moment you fall in love, you become extremely sexually possessive of them. I think that that is a Darwinian -- there's a Darwinian purpose to this. The whole point of this is to pull two people together strongly enough to begin to rear babies as a team.

But the main characteristics of romantic love are craving: an intense craving to be with a particular person, not just sexually, but emotionally. You'd much rather -- it would be nice to go to bed with them, but you want them to call you on the telephone, to invite you out, et cetera. To tell you that they love you. The other main characteristic is motivation. The motor in your brain begins to crank, and you want this person.

And last but not least, it is an obsession. When I put these people in the machine, before I put them in the MRI machine, I would ask them all kinds of questions. But my most important question was always the same. It was: "What percentage of the day and night do you think about this person?" And indeed, they would say, "All day. All night. I can never stop thinking about him or her." And then, the very last question I would ask them -- I would always have to work myself up to this question, because I am not a psychologist. I don't work with people in any kind of traumatic situation. And my final question was always the same. I would say, "Would you die for him or her?" And, indeed, these people would say "Yes!," as if I had asked them to pass the salt. I was just staggered by it.

So we scanned their brains, looking at a photograph of their sweetheart and looking at a neutral photograph, with a distraction task in between. So we could find -- look at the same brain when it was in that heightened state and when it was in a resting state. And we found activity in a lot of brain regions. In fact, one of the most important was a brain region that becomes active when you feel the rush of cocaine. And indeed, that's exactly what happens.

I began to realize that romantic love is not an emotion. In fact, I had always thought it was a series of emotions, from very high to very low. But actually, it's a drive. It comes from the motor of the mind, the wanting part of the mind, the craving part of the mind. The kind of mind -- part of the mind -- when you're reaching for that piece of chocolate, when you want to win that promotion at work. The motor of the brain. It's a drive.

And in fact, I think it's more powerful than the sex drive. You know, if you ask somebody to go to bed with you, and they say, "No thank you," you certainly don't kill yourself or slip into a clinical depression. But certainly, around the world, people who are rejected in love will kill for it. People live for love. They kill for love. They die for love. They have songs, poems, novels, sculptures, paintings, myths, legends. In over 175 societies, people have left their evidence of this powerful brain system. I have come to think it's one of the most powerful brain systems on earth for both great joy and great sorrow.

And I've also come to think that it's one of three, basically different brain systems that evolved from mating and reproduction. One is the sex drive: the craving for sexual gratification. W.H. Auden called it an "intolerable neural itch," and indeed, that's what it is. It keeps bothering you a little bit, like being hungry. The second of these three brain systems is romantic love: that elation, obsession of early love. And the third brain system is attachment: that sense of calm and security you can feel for a long-term partner.

And I think that the sex drive evolved to get you out there, looking for a whole range of partners. You know, you can feel it when you're just driving along in your car. It can be focused on nobody. I think romantic love evolved to enable you to focus your mating energy on just one individual at a time, thereby conserving mating time and energy. And I think that attachment, the third brain system, evolved to enable you to tolerate this human being -- (Laughter) -- at least long enough to raise a child together as a team.

So with that preamble, I want to go into discussing the two most profound social trends. One of the last 10,000 years and the other -- certainly of the last 25 years -- that are going to have an impact on these three different brain systems: lust, romantic love and deep attachment to a partner.

The first is women working, moving into the workforce. I've looked at 150 -- 130 societies through the demographic yearbooks of the United Nations. And everywhere in the world, 129 out of 130 of them, women are not only moving into the job market -- sometimes very, very slowly, but they are moving into the job market -- and they are very slowly closing that gap between men and women in terms of economic power, health and education. It's very slow.

For every trend in -- on this planet, there's a counter-trend. We all know of them, but nevertheless -- the old Arab saying. The Arabs say, "The dogs may bark, but the caravan moves on." And, indeed, that caravan is moving on. Women are moving back into the job market. And I say back into the job market, because this is not new. For millions of years, on the grasslands of Africa, women commuted to work to gather their vegetables. They came home with 60 to 80 percent of the evening meal. The double income family was the standard. And women were regarded as just as economically, socially and sexually powerful as men. In short, we're really moving forward to the past.

Then, women's worst invention was the plow. With the beginning of plow agriculture, men's roles became extremely powerful. Women lost their ancient jobs as collectors, but then with the industrial revolution and the post-industrial revolution they're moving back into the job market. In short, they are acquiring the status that they had a million years ago, 10,000 years ago, 100,000 years ago. We are seeing now one of the most remarkable traditions in the history of the human animal. And it's going to have an impact.

I generally give a whole lecture on the impact of women on the business community. I'll only just say a couple of things, and then go on to sex and love. There's a lot of gender differences; anybody who thinks men and women are alike simply never had a boy and a girl child. I don't know why it is that they want to think that men and women are alike. There's much we have in common, but there's a whole lot that we are not -- do not have in common.

We are -- in the words of Ted Hughes, "I think that we were built to be -- we're like two feet. We need each other to get ahead." But we did not evolve to have the same brain. And we're finding more and more and more gender differences in the brain. I'll only just use a couple and then move on to sex and love. One of them is women's verbal ability. Women can talk.

Women's ability to find the right word rapidly, basic articulation goes up in the middle of the menstrual cycle, when estrogen levels peak. But even at menstruation, they're better than the average man. Women can talk.

They've been doing it for a million years; words were women's tools. They held that baby in front of their face, cajoling it, reprimanding it, educating it with words. And, indeed, they're becoming a very powerful force.

Even in places like India and Japan, where women are not moving rapidly into the regular job market, they're moving into journalism. And I think that the television is like the global campfire. We sit around it and it shapes our minds. Almost always, when I'm on TV, the producers who call me, who negotiate what we're going to say, is a woman. In fact, Solzhenitsyn once said, "To have a great writer is to have another government." Today 54 percent of people who are writers in America are women. It's one of many, many characteristics that women have that they will bring into the job market. They've got incredible people skills, negotiating skills. They're highly imaginative. We now know the brain circuitry of imagination, of long-term planning. They tend to be web thinkers. Because the female parts of the brain are better connected, they tend to collect more pieces of data when they think, put them into more complex patterns, see more options and outcomes. They tend to be contextual, holistic thinkers, what I call web thinkers.

Men tend to -- and these are averages -- tend to get rid of what they regard as extraneous, focus on what they do, and move in a more step-by-step thinking pattern. They're both perfectly good ways of thinking. We need both of them to get ahead. In fact, there's many more male geniuses in the world. When the -- and there's also many more male idiots in the world. (Laughter) When the male brain works well, it works extremely well. And I -- what I really think that we're doing is, we're moving towards a collaborative society, a society in which the talents of both men and women are becoming understood and valued and employed.

But in fact, women moving into the job market is having a huge impact on sex and romance and family life. Foremost, women are starting to express their sexuality. I'm always astonished when people come to me and say, "Why is it that men are so adulterous?" And I say, "Why do you think more men are adulterous than women?" "Oh, well -- men are more adulterous!" And I say, "Who do you think these men are sleeping with?" And -- basic math! (Laughter)

Anyway. In the Western world, little girls start -- women start sooner at sex, have more partners, express less remorse for the partners that they do, marry later, have fewer children, leave bad marriages in order to get good ones. We are seeing the rise of female sexual expression. And, indeed, once again we're moving forward to the kind of sexual expression that we probably saw on the grasslands of Africa a million years ago, because this is the kind of sexual expression that we see in hunting and gathering societies today.

We're also returning to an ancient form of marriage equality. They're now saying that the 21st century is going to be the century of what they call the "symmetrical marriage," or the "pure marriage," or the "companionate marriage." This is a marriage between equals, moving forward to a pattern that is highly compatible with the ancient human spirit.

We're also seeing a rise of romantic love. 91 percent of American women and 86 percent of American men would not marry somebody who had every single quality they were looking for in a partner, if they were not in love with that person. People around the world, in a study of 37 societies, want to be in love with the person that they marry. Indeed, arranged marriages are on their way off this braid of human life.

I even think that marriages might even become more stable because of the second great world trend. The first one being women moving into the job market, the second one being the aging world population. They're now saying that in America, that middle age should be regarded as up to age 85. Because in that highest age category of 76 to 85, only -- as much as 40 percent of people have nothing really wrong with them. So we're seeing there's a real extension of middle age.

And I looked -- for one of my books, I looked at divorce data in 58 societies. And as it turns out, the older you get, the less likely you are to divorce. So the divorce rate right now is stable in America, and it's actually beginning to decline. It may decline some more. I would even say that with Viagra, estrogen replacement, hip replacements and the incredibly interesting women -- women have never been as interesting as they are now. Not at any time on this planet have women been so educated, so interesting, so capable. And so I honestly think that if there really was ever a time in human evolution when we have the opportunity to make good marriages, that time is now.

However, there's always kinds of complications in this. In these three brain systems: lust, romantic love and attachment -- don't always go together. They can go together, by the way. That's why casual sex isn't so casual. With orgasm you get a spike of dopamine. Dopamine's associated with romantic love, and you can just fall in love with somebody who you're just having casual sex with. With orgasm, then you get a real rush of oxytocin and vasopressin -- those are associated with attachment. This is why you can feel such a sense of cosmic union with somebody after you've made love to them.

But these three brain systems: lust, romantic love and attachment, aren't always connected to each other. You can feel deep attachment to a long-term partner while you feel intense romantic love for somebody else, while you feel the sex drive for people unrelated to these other partners. In short, we're capable of loving more than one person at a time. In fact, you can lie in bed at night and swing from deep feelings of attachment for one person to deep feelings of romantic love for somebody else. It's as if there's a committee meeting going on in your head as you are trying to decide what to do. So I don't think, honestly, we're an animal that was built to be happy; we are an animal that was built to reproduce. I think the happiness we find, we make. And I think, however, we can make good relationships with each other.

So I want to conclude with two things. I want to conclude with a worry. I have a worry -- and with a wonderful story. The worry is about antidepressants. Over 100 million prescriptions of antidepressants are written every year in the United States. And these drugs are going generic. They are seeping around the world. I know one girl who's been on these antidepressants, serotonin-enhancing -- SSRI, serotonin-enhancing antidepressants -- since she was 13. She's 23. She's been on them ever since she was 13.

I've got nothing against people who take them short term, when they're going through something perfectly horrible. They want to commit suicide or kill somebody else. I would recommend it. But more and more people in the United States are taking them long term. And indeed, what these drugs do is raise levels of serotonin. And by raising levels of serotonin, you suppress the dopamine circuit. Everybody knows that. Dopamine is associated with romantic love. Not only do they suppress the dopamine circuit, but they kill the sex drive. And when you kill the sex drive, you kill orgasm. And when you kill orgasm, you kill that flood of drugs associated with attachment. The things are connected in the brain. And when you tamper with one brain system, you're going to tamper with another. I'm just simply saying that a world without love is a deadly place.

So now -- (Applause) -- thank you. I want to end with a story. And then, just a comment. I've been studying romantic love and sex and attachment for 30 years. I'm an identical twin; I am interested in why we're all alike. Why you and I are alike, why the Iraqis and the Japanese and the Australian Aborigines and the people of the Amazon River are all alike.

And about a year ago, an Internet dating service, Match.com, came to me and asked me if I would design a new dating site for them. I said, "I don't know anything about personality. You know? I don't know. Do you think you've got the right person?" They said, "Yes." It got me thinking about why it is that you fall in love with one person rather than another.

That's my current project; it will be my next book. There's all kinds of reasons that you fall in love with one person rather than another. Timing is important. Proximity is important. Mystery is important. You fall in love with somebody who's somewhat mysterious, in part because mystery elevates dopamine in the brain, probably pushes you over that threshold to fall in love. You fall in love with somebody who fits within what I call your "love map," an unconscious list of traits that you build in childhood as you grow up. And I also think that you become -- gravitate to certain people, actually, with somewhat complementary brain systems. And that's what I'm now contributing to this.

But I want to tell you a story about -- to illustrate. I've been carrying on here about the biology of love. I wanted to show you a little bit about the culture of it, too -- the magic of it. It's a story that was told to me by somebody who had heard it just from one of the -- probably a true story. It was a graduate student at -- I'm at Rutgers and my two colleagues -- Art Aaron is at SUNY Stonybrook. That's where we put our people in the MRI machine.

And this graduate student was madly in love with another graduate student, and she was not in love with him. And they were all at a conference in Beijing. And he knew from our work that if you go and do something very novel with somebody, you can drive up the dopamine in the brain. And perhaps trigger this brain system for romantic love. (Laughter) So he decided he'd put science to work, and he invited this girl to go off on a rickshaw ride with him.

And sure enough -- I've never been in one, but apparently they go all around the buses and the trucks and it's crazy and it's noisy and it's exciting. And he figured that this would drive up the dopamine, and she would fall in love with him. So off they go and she's squealing and squeezing him and laughing and having a wonderful time. An hour later they get down off of the rickshaw, and she throws her hands up and she says, "Wasn't that wonderful?" And, "Wasn't that rickshaw driver handsome!" (Laughter) (Applause)

There's magic to love! But I will end by saying that millions of years ago, we evolved three basic drives: the sex drive, romantic love and attachment to a long-term partner. These circuits are deeply embedded in the human brain. They're going to survive as long as our species survives on what Shakespeare called "this mortal coil." Thank you. (Applause)

http://www.ted.com/talks/helen_fisher_tells_us_why_we_love_cheat.html

Helen Fisher – The science of love, and the future of women (2006) Helen Fisher|Helen Fisher||||||||| ||||||as well as|||| |Fisher||||||||| เฮเลน ฟิชเชอร์|||||||||| Helen Fisher - Die Wissenschaft der Liebe und die Zukunft der Frauen (2006) Helen Fisher – The science of love, and the future of women (2006) Helen Fisher - La ciencia del amor y el futuro de la mujer (2006) Helen Fisher - La science de l'amour et l'avenir des femmes (2006) ヘレン・フィッシャー - 愛の科学、そして女性の未来 (2006) Helen Fisher - A ciência do amor e o futuro das mulheres (2006) Хелен Фишер - Наука о любви и будущее женщин (2006) Helen Fisher - Aşkın bilimi ve kadınların geleceği (2006) Хелен Фішер – Наука кохання та майбутнє жінок (2006) 海伦·费舍尔 – 爱情的科学和女性的未来 (2006) 海倫費雪 – 愛情的科學與女性的未來 (2006)

I’d like to talk today about the two biggest social trends in the coming century, and perhaps in the next 10,000 years. ||||||||||Trends||||Jahrhundert|||||| ||in order to||today|||||||during||||||during||| ||ที่จะ||||||ที่ใหญ่ที่สุด||||||||||||ปี Сегодня я хотел бы поговорить о двух крупнейших социальных тенденциях в грядущем столетии и, возможно, в следующие 10 000 лет. But I want to start with my work on romantic love, because that’s my most recent work. |||in order to||||||||||||| ||||||||||romantik aşk|||||| Но я хочу начать с моей работы о романтической любви, потому что это моя самая последняя работа. What I and my colleagues did was to put 32 people, who were madly in love, into a functional MRI brain scanner. ||||Kollegen||||||||wahnsinnig|||||funktionelle MRI|fMRT-Scanner||fMRT-Gehirnscanner ||||||||||who|||||||||| ||||||||||||louca e intensamente|||||||| Meine Kollegen und ich haben 32 verliebte Menschen in einen funktionellen MRT-Gehirnscanner gesteckt. Что я и мои коллеги сделали, так это поместили 32 человека, которые были безумно влюблены, в функциональный МРТ-сканер мозга. Те, що я та мої колеги зробили, це помістили 32 шалено закоханих людей у функціональний МРТ-сканер мозку. 我和我的同事所做的是將瘋狂戀愛的32個人放入功能性MRI腦掃描儀中。 17 who were madly in love and their love was accepted; and 15 who were madly in love and they had just been dumped. |||||||||||||||||||||verlassen |||||||||||||||||||||terminados 17, die schwer verliebt waren und deren Liebe akzeptiert wurde, und 15, die schwer verliebt waren und gerade einen Korb bekommen hatten. 17 которые были безумно влюблены, и их любовь была принята; и 15, которые были безумно влюблены, и их только что бросили. And so I want to tell you about that first, and then go on into where I think love is going. and||||to|tell||about|||and|then||||||||| И поэтому я хочу сначала рассказать вам об этом, а затем перейти к тому, что, как я думаю, происходит с любовью.

"What 'tis to love?" |Was es heißt|| |es|| |é|| "Что любить?" Shakespeare said. Shakespeare sagte.| Шекспир сказал. I think our ancestors -- I think human beings have been wondering about this question since they sat around their campfires or lay and watched the stars a million years ago. |||Vorfahren||||||||||||||||Lagerfeuer|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||fogatas|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||fogueiras|||||||||| Ich glaube, unsere Vorfahren - ich glaube, die Menschen haben sich diese Frage gestellt, seit sie vor Millionen von Jahren an ihren Lagerfeuern saßen oder lagen und die Sterne beobachteten. Я думаю, что наши предки... я думаю, люди задавались этим вопросом с тех пор, как они сидели у своих костров или лежали и смотрели на звезды миллион лет назад. I started out by trying to figure out what romantic love was by looking at the last 45 years of research on -- just the psychological research, and as it turns out, there’s a very specific group of things that happen when you fall in love. |||||||||||||||||||||||psychologisch|||||||||||||||||||| Я начал с попытки выяснить, что такое романтическая любовь, изучив последние 45 лет исследований — только психологических исследований, и, как оказалось, есть очень специфическая группа вещей, которые происходят, когда вы влюбляетесь. The first thing that happens is what I call -- a person begins to take on what I call, "special meaning." ||||||||||Person|||annehmen|||||besondere Bedeutung| Das erste, was passiert, ist das, was ich "besondere Bedeutung" nenne: Eine Person beginnt, eine "besondere Bedeutung" anzunehmen. Первое, что происходит, это то, что я называю — человек начинает обретать то, что я называю «особым смыслом». As a truck driver once said to me, he said, "The world had a new center, and that center was Mary Anne." ||LKW-Fahrer|Fahrer||||||||||||||||||Mary Anne Ein LKW-Fahrer sagte einmal zu mir: "Die Welt hatte ein neues Zentrum, und dieses Zentrum war Mary Anne." Как сказал мне однажды водитель грузовика: «В мире появился новый центр, и этим центром стала Мэри Энн». George Bernard Shaw said it a little differently. |Bernard|Shaw||||| Джордж Бернард Шоу сказал об этом несколько иначе. He said, "Love consists of overestimating the differences between one woman and another." |||besteht aus||überschätzen||Unterschiede||||| |||||sobreestimar||||||| |||||superestimar||||||| Er sagte: "Die Liebe besteht darin, die Unterschiede zwischen einer Frau und einer anderen zu überschätzen". Он сказал: «Любовь состоит в переоценке различий между одной женщиной и другой». Він сказав: «Любов полягає в переоцінці відмінностей між однією жінкою та іншою». And indeed, that’s what we do. И действительно, это то, что мы делаем. (Laughter) And then you just focus on this person. (Lachen)|||||||| (Смех) А потом вы просто сосредотачиваетесь на этом человеке. You can list what you don’t like about them, but then you sweep that aside and focus on what you do. ||||||||||||||beiseite schieben|||||| ||||||||||||deixa de lado||de lado|||||| Вы можете перечислить, что вам в них не нравится, но затем вы отметете это в сторону и сосредоточитесь на том, что вы делаете. Ви можете перерахувати те, що вам у них не подобається, але потім відкинете це вбік і зосередитеся на тому, що робите. As Chaucer said, "Love is blind." |Chaucer||||blind |Chaucer|||| |Chaucer|||| Wie Chaucer sagte: "Die Liebe ist blind". Как сказал Чосер: «Любовь слепа». Як сказав Чосер, «Любов сліпа». In trying to understand romantic love, I decided I would read poetry from all over the world, and I just want to give you one very short poem from eighth-century China, because it’s an almost perfect example of a man who is focused totally on a particular woman. |||||||||||Dichtung||||||||||zu||||||Gedicht||achte Jahrhundert||China, achtes Jahrhundert||||||||||||konzentriert||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||almost perfect|||||||||||| Um die romantische Liebe zu verstehen, habe ich beschlossen, Gedichte aus der ganzen Welt zu lesen, und ich möchte Ihnen nur ein ganz kurzes Gedicht aus dem China des achten Jahrhunderts geben, weil es ein fast perfektes Beispiel für einen Mann ist, der sich ganz auf eine bestimmte Frau konzentriert. Пытаясь понять романтическую любовь, я решил, что буду читать стихи со всего мира, и я просто хочу дать вам одно очень короткое стихотворение из Китая восьмого века, потому что это почти идеальный пример человека, полностью сосредоточенного на любви. конкретная женщина. Намагаючись зрозуміти романтичне кохання, я вирішив читати вірші з усього світу, і я просто хочу дати вам один дуже короткий вірш із Китаю восьмого століття, тому що це майже ідеальний приклад людини, яка повністю зосереджена на конкретна жінка. It’s a little bit like when you are madly in love with somebody and you walk into a parking lot. Es ist ein bisschen so, wie wenn man in jemanden verliebt ist und auf einen Parkplatz geht. Это немного похоже на то, когда ты безумно влюблен в кого-то и идешь на парковку. Their car is different from every other car in the parking lot. Их машина отличается от любой другой машины на стоянке. Their wine glass at dinner is different from every other wine glass at the dinner party. |Weinglas|||||||||||||| Их винный бокал за ужином отличается от любого другого винного бокала на званом ужине. And in this case, a man got hooked on a bamboo sleeping mat. |||||||süchtig geworden|||Bambus-Schlafmatte||Schlafmatte aus Bambus ||||||||||||esteira de bambu Und in diesem Fall wurde ein Mann süchtig nach einer Bambus-Schlafmatte. And in this case, a man got hooked on a bamboo sleeping mat. И в этом случае мужчина подсел на бамбуковый спальный коврик. А в цьому випадку чоловік підсів на бамбуковий спальний килимок.

And it goes like this. И это так. It’s by a guy called Yuan Chen: "I cannot bear to put away the bamboo sleeping mat. |||||Yuan Chen|Yuan Chen|||||||||| |||||||||suportar||||||| Es stammt von einem Mann namens Yuan Chen: "Ich kann es nicht ertragen, die Bambus-Schlafmatte wegzulegen. Это парень по имени Юань Чен: «Я не могу убрать бамбуковый спальный коврик. Це написав хлопець на ім'я Юань Чен: «Я не можу витримати, щоб прибрати бамбуковий килимок для сну. The night I brought you home, I watched you roll it out." В ту ночь, когда я привел тебя домой, я смотрел, как ты это раскручиваешь ». Того вечора, коли я привів тебе додому, я спостерігав, як ти це розгортаєш». He became hooked on a sleeping mat, probably because of elevated activity of dopamine in his brain, just like with you and me. ||||||||||erhöhte|||Dopamin-Aktivität||||||||| Er wurde süchtig nach einer Schlafmatte, wahrscheinlich aufgrund einer erhöhten Dopaminaktivität in seinem Gehirn, genau wie bei dir und mir. Он зацепился за спальный коврик, вероятно, из-за повышенной активности дофамина в его мозгу, как и у нас с вами. Він захопився килимком для сну, ймовірно, через підвищену активність дофаміну в його мозку, як і у нас з вами.

But anyway, not only does this person take on special meaning, you focus your attention on them. |เอาเถอะ||||||||||||||| Aber wie auch immer, diese Person bekommt nicht nur eine besondere Bedeutung, sondern Sie richten Ihre Aufmerksamkeit auf sie. Но в любом случае, этот человек не только приобретает особый смысл, вы концентрируете на нем свое внимание. You aggrandize them. |Du erhöhst sie.| |exaggerate their importance| |agrandas| |exaltas-lhes| Du verherrlichst sie. Вы усиливаете их. Ви їх звеличуєте. But you have intense energy. |||Aber du hast intensive Energie.| Но у вас есть интенсивная энергия. As one Polynesian said, he said, "I felt like jumping in the sky." ||Polynesier|||||||in die Luft springen||| Wie ein Polynesier sagte: "Ich hatte das Gefühl, in den Himmel zu springen". You’re up all night. Du bist die ganze Nacht wach. Ты не спишь всю ночь. You’re walking till dawn. Du gehst bis zum Morgengrauen. Ты идешь до рассвета. You feel intense elation when things are going well, mood swings into horrible despair when things are going poorly. |||euforia||||||||||||||| |||Hochgefühl||||||Stimmung||||Verzweiflung|||||schlecht laufen |||euforia||||||||||desespero horrível||||| ||อย่างรุนแรง|||||||||||||||| Wenn es gut läuft, sind Sie hocherfreut, wenn es schlecht läuft, verzweifeln Sie furchtbar. Вы чувствуете сильный восторг, когда дела идут хорошо, настроение переходит в ужасное отчаяние, когда дела идут плохо. Real dependence on this person. |Echte Abhängigkeit von.||| As one businessman in New York said to me, he said, "Anything she liked, I liked." ||Geschäftsmann|||New York|||||||||| Simple. Romantic love is very simple.

You become extremely sexually possessive. |||sexuell|sexuell besitzergreifend Sie werden extrem sexuell besitzergreifend. Ви стаєте надзвичайно сексуально володіючими. You know, if you’re just sleeping with somebody casually, you don’t really care if they’re sleeping with somebody else. ||||||||gelegentlich|||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||คนอื่น Weißt du, wenn du nur gelegentlich mit jemandem schläfst, ist es dir egal, ob er mit jemand anderem schläft. Знаете, если вы просто случайно спите с кем-то, вам все равно, спят ли они с кем-то еще. But the moment you fall in love, you become extremely sexually possessive of them. I think that that is a Darwinian -- there’s a Darwinian purpose to this. ||||||darwinistisch|||||| Ich denke, das ist ein darwinistisches Ziel, das hier verfolgt wird. Я вважаю, що це дарвінівський – у цьому є дарвінівська мета. The whole point of this is to pull two people together strongly enough to begin to rear babies as a team. |||||||||||stark genug||||||||| Es geht darum, zwei Menschen so stark zusammenzubringen, dass sie als Team Babys aufziehen können. Весь смысл этого в том, чтобы сплотить двух человек достаточно сильно, чтобы начать воспитывать детей в команде. Весь сенс цього полягає в тому, щоб об’єднати двох людей настільки сильно, щоб почати виховувати дітей як команда.

But the main characteristics of romantic love are craving: an intense craving to be with a particular person, not just sexually, but emotionally. |||Haupteigenschaften|||||Verlangen|||||||||||||| ||||||||desejo intenso|||||||||||||| Aber das Hauptmerkmal der romantischen Liebe ist das Verlangen: ein intensives Verlangen, mit einer bestimmten Person zusammen zu sein, nicht nur sexuell, sondern auch emotional. Но основными характеристиками романтической любви являются страстное желание: сильное желание быть с конкретным человеком, не только сексуально, но и эмоционально. You’d much rather -- it would be nice to go to bed with them, but you want them to call you on the telephone, to invite you out, et cetera. ||||||||||||||||||||||Telefon anrufen||einladen||||und so weiter Es wäre schön, mit ihnen ins Bett zu gehen, aber du möchtest, dass sie dich anrufen, dich einladen und so weiter und so fort. To tell you that they love you. Сказать вам, что они любят вас. The other main characteristic is motivation. |||Die andere Hauptmerkmal ist Motivation.|| The motor in your brain begins to crank, and you want this person. |Motor||||||anlaufen||||| ||||||to|||||| |||||||começar a funcionar||||| Моторчик в вашем мозгу начинает работать, и вы хотите этого человека. Мотор у вашому мозку починає крутитися, і ви хочете цю людину.

And last but not least, it is an obsession. ||||||||Besessenheit When I put these people in the machine, before I put them in the MRI machine, I would ask them all kinds of questions. |||||||||||||||||||||Arten von|| But my most important question was always the same. It was: "What percentage of the day and night do you think about this person?" And indeed, they would say, "All day. All night. I can never stop thinking about him or her." And then, the very last question I would ask them -- I would always have to work myself up to this question, because I am not a psychologist. Und dann, die allerletzte Frage, die ich ihnen stellen würde - auf diese Frage muss ich mich immer erst vorbereiten, denn ich bin kein Psychologe. И потом, самый последний вопрос, который я бы им задал - мне всегда приходилось работать над этим вопросом, потому что я не психолог. I don’t work with people in any kind of traumatic situation. Я не работаю с людьми в любой травмирующей ситуации. And my final question was always the same. I would say, "Would you die for him or her?" And, indeed, these people would say "Yes!," as if I had asked them to pass the salt. ||||||||||||||||Salz weitergeben Und tatsächlich sagten diese Leute "Ja!", als ob ich sie gebeten hätte, mir das Salz zu reichen. І справді, ці люди казали «Так!», ніби я просив їх передати сіль. I was just staggered by it. |||Ich war fassungslos.|| |||shocked amazed|| |||atónito|| |||surpreendido|| Das hat mich einfach umgehauen. Я был просто поражен этим. Я був просто вражений цим.

So we scanned their brains, looking at a photograph of their sweetheart and looking at a neutral photograph, with a distraction task in between. ||untersuchten||||||Fotografie|||Schatz|||||neutralen||||Ablenkungsaufgabe||| |||||||||||novia|||||||||||| |||||||||||querida ou querido|||||||||||| Also haben wir ihre Gehirne gescannt, indem wir ein Foto ihres Liebsten und ein neutrales Foto betrachteten, mit einer Ablenkungsaufgabe dazwischen. Поэтому мы отсканировали их мозг, посмотрели на фотографию их возлюбленной и посмотрели на нейтральную фотографию с промежуточной задачей отвлечения. Тож ми просканували їхні мізки, дивлячись на фотографію їхньої коханої та дивлячись на нейтральну фотографію, із завданням відволікання між ними. So we could find -- look at the same brain when it was in that heightened state and when it was in a resting state. ||||||||||||||erhöhten||||||||ruhend| ||||||||||||||aumentada||||||||estado de repouso| Тож ми могли знайти... подивіться на той самий мозок, коли він був у цьому підвищеному стані та коли він перебував у стані спокою. And we found activity in a lot of brain regions. |||||||||Regionen In fact, one of the most important was a brain region that becomes active when you feel the rush of cocaine. ||||||||||||wird|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||a euforia|| Tatsächlich war eine der wichtigsten eine Hirnregion, die aktiv wird, wenn man den Rausch des Kokains spürt. And indeed, that’s exactly what happens.

I began to realize that romantic love is not an emotion. In fact, I had always thought it was a series of emotions, from very high to very low. But actually, it’s a drive. Aber eigentlich ist es eine Fahrt. Але насправді це драйв. It comes from the motor of the mind, the wanting part of the mind, the craving part of the mind. |||||||||||||||Verlangen|||| Es kommt vom Motor des Geistes, dem wollenden Teil des Geistes, dem begehrenden Teil des Geistes. Оно исходит от мотора ума, желающей части ума, жаждущей части ума. The kind of mind -- part of the mind -- when you’re reaching for that piece of chocolate, when you want to win that promotion at work. |||||||||||||||Schokolade|||||||Beförderung|| ||||||||||||aquela|||||||||||| Die Art von Verstand - ein Teil des Verstandes - wenn man nach dem Stück Schokolade greift, wenn man die Beförderung bei der Arbeit gewinnen will. Разум - часть разума - когда вы тянетесь к этому кусочку шоколада, когда хотите выиграть это повышение на работе. The motor of the brain. It’s a drive.

And in fact, I think it’s more powerful than the sex drive. ||||||||||Sexualtrieb| You know, if you ask somebody to go to bed with you, and they say, "No thank you," you certainly don’t kill yourself or slip into a clinical depression. ||||||||||||||||||||||||in Depression verfallen|||klinische Depression| ||||||||||||||||||||||||cai na|||| Wenn man jemanden bittet, mit einem ins Bett zu gehen, und derjenige sagt: "Nein danke", dann bringt man sich sicher nicht um oder verfällt in eine klinische Depression. Знаете, если вы попросите кого-нибудь пойти с вами в постель, и он скажет: «Нет, спасибо», вы, конечно, не убьете себя и не впадете в клиническую депрессию. But certainly, around the world, people who are rejected in love will kill for it. Aber es ist sicher, dass überall auf der Welt Menschen, die in der Liebe zurückgewiesen werden, dafür töten. Но, конечно, во всем мире люди, которые отвергнуты в любви, убьют за это. People live for love. They kill for love. They die for love. They have songs, poems, novels, sculptures, paintings, myths, legends. |||Gedichte|Romane|Skulpturen|||Legenden In over 175 societies, people have left their evidence of this powerful brain system. ||Gesellschaften|||||||||| In mehr als 175 Gesellschaften haben Menschen ihre Zeugnisse für dieses leistungsfähige Gehirnsystem hinterlassen. В более чем 175 обществах люди оставили свои свидетельства об этой мощной мозговой системе. I have come to think it’s one of the most powerful brain systems on earth for both great joy and great sorrow. |||||||||||||||||||||Kummer Ich bin zu der Überzeugung gelangt, dass es sich dabei um eines der leistungsfähigsten Gehirnsysteme der Welt handelt, das sowohl für große Freude als auch für großen Kummer geeignet ist. Я пришел к выводу, что это одна из самых мощных мозговых систем на земле, которая приносит как огромную радость, так и великую скорбь. Я прийшов до думки, що це одна з найпотужніших систем мозку на землі як для великої радості, так і для великого горя.

And I’ve also come to think that it’s one of three, basically different brain systems that evolved from mating and reproduction. ||||||||||||||||entwickelt haben||Paarung und Fortpflanzung||Fortpflanzung ||||||||||||||||||acasalamento|| И я также пришел к выводу, что это одна из трех, принципиально разных систем мозга, которые эволюционировали от спаривания и размножения. І я також прийшов до думки, що це одна з трьох, в основному, різних систем мозку, які еволюціонували в результаті спарювання та розмноження. One is the sex drive: the craving for sexual gratification. |||||||||sexuelle Befriedigung Eine davon ist der Sexualtrieb: das Verlangen nach sexueller Befriedigung. Одним из них является сексуальное влечение: жажда сексуального удовлетворения. Одним з них є статевий потяг: потяг до сексуального задоволення. W.H. Wasserstoff| Auden called it an "intolerable neural itch," and indeed, that’s what it is. neuraler Juckreiz||||unerträglich|nervös|Jucken|||||| Auden|||||||||||| Auden||||||coceira neural|||||| Auden nannte es ein "unerträgliches neurales Jucken", und genau das ist es auch. Оден назвав це «нестерпним нейронним свербінням», і справді це так. It keeps bothering you a little bit, like being hungry. ||molestando||||||| ||incomodando||||||| The second of these three brain systems is romantic love: that elation, obsession of early love. |||||||||||Hochgefühl|Besessenheit||| |||||||||||euphoria|||| |||||||||||euforia|||| |||||||||||alegria intensa|||| Das zweite dieser drei Gehirnsysteme ist die romantische Liebe: das Hochgefühl, die Besessenheit der frühen Liebe. Вторая из этих трех систем мозга - это романтическая любовь: это восторг, одержимость ранней любовью. Другою з цих трьох систем мозку є романтичне кохання: піднесення, одержимість раннього кохання. And the third brain system is attachment: that sense of calm and security you can feel for a long-term partner. ||||||Bindung||||||||||||||Partner ||||||vínculo emocional||||||||||||||parceiro a longo prazo Und das dritte Gehirnsystem ist die Bindung: das Gefühl der Ruhe und Sicherheit, das man für einen langfristigen Partner empfinden kann. І третя система мозку — це прив’язаність: відчуття спокою та безпеки, яке ви можете відчувати до довгострокового партнера.

And I think that the sex drive evolved to get you out there, looking for a whole range of partners. |||||||||||||||||Reihe|| Und ich glaube, dass sich der Sexualtrieb entwickelt hat, damit man sich auf die Suche nach einer ganzen Reihe von Partnern macht. И я думаю, что сексуальное влечение развилось, чтобы вы смогли найти там целый ряд партнеров. You know, you can feel it when you’re just driving along in your car. Вы знаете, вы можете почувствовать это, когда просто едете в машине. It can be focused on nobody. Это может быть ориентировано ни на кого. I think romantic love evolved to enable you to focus your mating energy on just one individual at a time, thereby conserving mating time and energy. ||||||ermöglichen||||||||||||||dadurch|sparen|||| ||||||||||||||||||||de esta manera||||| |||||||||||acasalamento|||||||||dessa forma|conservando|||| Ich denke, dass sich die romantische Liebe entwickelt hat, um die Paarungsenergie auf ein einziges Individuum zu konzentrieren und so Zeit und Energie für die Paarung zu sparen. Я думаю, что романтическая любовь развилась, чтобы вы могли сосредоточить свою брачную энергию только на одном человеке за один раз, тем самым сохраняя брачное время и энергию. Я вважаю, що романтичне кохання розвинулося так, що ви можете зосереджувати свою шлюбну енергію лише на одній особині за раз, зберігаючи таким чином час і енергію. And I think that attachment, the third brain system, evolved to enable you to tolerate this human being -- (Laughter) -- at least long enough to raise a child together as a team. ||||||||||||||||||||||||aufziehen|||||| ||||vínculo emocional|||||||||||||||||||||||||| Und ich denke, dass sich die Bindung, das dritte Gehirnsystem, entwickelt hat, um es zu ermöglichen, diesen Menschen zu tolerieren - (Gelächter) - zumindest lange genug, um ein Kind gemeinsam als Team aufzuziehen. И я думаю, что привязанность, третья мозговая система, эволюционировала, чтобы позволить вам терпеть этого человека - (Смех) - по крайней мере, достаточно долго, чтобы воспитать ребенка вместе в команде.

So with that preamble, I want to go into discussing the two most profound social trends. |||Einleitung||||||diskutieren über||||tiefgreifend|| |||preámbulo|||||||||||| Тож із цією преамбулою я хочу перейти до обговорення двох найглибших соціальних тенденцій. One of the last 10,000 years and the other -- certainly of the last 25 years -- that are going to have an impact on these three different brain systems: lust, romantic love and deep attachment to a partner. |||||||||||||||||||Auswirkung auf|||||||Lust, Verlangen, Begierde|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||luxúria|||||||| Eine der letzten 10.000 Jahre und die andere - sicherlich der letzten 25 Jahre - die sich auf diese drei verschiedenen Gehirnsysteme auswirken werden: Lust, romantische Liebe und tiefe Bindung an einen Partner. Один из последних 10 000 лет, а другой - безусловно, последние 25 лет - будут оказывать влияние на эти три разные системы мозга: похоть, романтическая любовь и глубокая привязанность к партнеру.

The first is women working, moving into the workforce. ||||||||Arbeitsmarkt Die erste ist, dass Frauen arbeiten und ins Berufsleben eintreten. Во-первых, женщины работают, переходят в рабочую силу. Перший — це жінки, які працюють, переходять у робочу силу. I’ve looked at 150 -- 130 societies through the demographic yearbooks of the United Nations. ||||||demografische Daten|Jahrbücher|||| |||||||anuarios demográficos|||| |||||||anuários demográficos|||| Я проаналізував 150-130 суспільств у демографічних щорічниках ООН. And everywhere in the world, 129 out of 130 of them, women are not only moving into the job market -- sometimes very, very slowly, but they are moving into the job market -- and they are very slowly closing that gap between men and women in terms of economic power, health and education. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||schließen langsam||Lücke|||||||||||| Und überall auf der Welt, in 129 von 130 Ländern, drängen Frauen nicht nur auf den Arbeitsmarkt - manchmal sehr, sehr langsam, aber sie drängen auf den Arbeitsmarkt -, sondern sie schließen auch sehr langsam die Lücke zwischen Männern und Frauen in Bezug auf Wirtschaftskraft, Gesundheit und Bildung. И во всем мире, из 129 из 130 женщин, женщины не только выходят на рынок труда - иногда очень, очень медленно, но и выходят на рынок труда - и они очень медленно сокращают этот разрыв между мужчинами и женщины с точки зрения экономической мощи, здоровья и образования. It’s very slow.

For every trend in -- on this planet, there’s a counter-trend. ||tendência|||||||| Для каждой тенденции на этой планете есть контр-тенденция. We all know of them, but nevertheless -- the old Arab saying. |||||||||Arabisch| Мы все о них знаем, но тем не менее - старая арабская поговорка. The Arabs say, "The dogs may bark, but the caravan moves on." |Die Araber|||||bellen|||Karawane|zieht weiter| ||||||ladram||||| Die Araber sagen: "Die Hunde mögen bellen, aber die Karawane zieht weiter". And, indeed, that caravan is moving on. Women are moving back into the job market. And I say back into the job market, because this is not new. И я говорю обратно на рынок труда, потому что это не ново. For millions of years, on the grasslands of Africa, women commuted to work to gather their vegetables. ||||||Grasländer||||pendelten||||sammeln|| ||||||||||viajaban|||||| ||||||as savanas||||||||recolher|| Seit Millionen von Jahren pendeln die Frauen auf den Grasländern Afrikas zur Arbeit, um ihr Gemüse zu ernten. В течение миллионов лет на лугах Африки женщины ездили на работу, чтобы собирать овощи. Мільйони років на луках Африки жінки їздили на роботу, щоб збирати овочі. They came home with 60 to 80 percent of the evening meal. Sie kamen mit 60 bis 80 Prozent des Abendessens nach Hause. Они пришли домой с 60 до 80 процентов ужина. The double income family was the standard. ||Doppelverdiener||||Standard ||||||o padrão Семья с двойным доходом была стандартом. And women were regarded as just as economically, socially and sexually powerful as men. |||||||wirtschaftlich|||||| |||consideradas como|||||||||| Und Frauen galten als wirtschaftlich, gesellschaftlich und sexuell ebenso mächtig wie Männer. И женщины считались такими же экономически, социально и сексуально влиятельными, как и мужчины. In short, we’re really moving forward to the past.

Then, women’s worst invention was the plow. |||Dann war der schlimmste Erfindung der Frauen der Pflug.|||Pflug ||||||agricultural tool ||||||arado Die schlimmste Erfindung der Frauen war damals der Pflug. Тогда худшим изобретением женщин был плуг. Тоді найгіршим винаходом жінок був плуг. With the beginning of plow agriculture, men’s roles became extremely powerful. |||||Pflugbau||Rollen||| ||||a agricultura de arado|||||| Mit dem Beginn der Pfluglandwirtschaft wurde die Rolle des Mannes extrem mächtig. Women lost their ancient jobs as collectors, but then with the industrial revolution and the post-industrial revolution they’re moving back into the job market. ||||||Sammlerinnen|||||industriellen|industrielle Revolution|||||||||||| Frauen verloren ihre alten Berufe als Sammlerinnen, aber mit der industriellen Revolution und der postindustriellen Revolution kehren sie auf den Arbeitsmarkt zurück. In short, they are acquiring the status that they had a million years ago, 10,000 years ago, 100,000 years ago. Kurz gesagt, sie erlangen den Status, den sie vor einer Million, 10.000 oder 100.000 Jahren hatten. We are seeing now one of the most remarkable traditions in the history of the human animal. |||||||||Traditionen||||||| Wir haben es hier mit einer der bemerkenswertesten Traditionen in der Geschichte des menschlichen Tieres zu tun. And it’s going to have an impact. И это будет иметь влияние.

I generally give a whole lecture on the impact of women on the business community. |||||Vortrag||||||||| Normalerweise halte ich einen ganzen Vortrag über den Einfluss von Frauen auf die Wirtschaft. Я обычно даю целую лекцию о влиянии женщин на бизнес-сообщество. I’ll only just say a couple of things, and then go on to sex and love. There’s a lot of gender differences; anybody who thinks men and women are alike simply never had a boy and a girl child. |||||||||||||ähnlich||||||||| |||||||||||||semelhantes||||||||| Es gibt viele geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede; wer glaubt, dass Männer und Frauen gleich sind, hat einfach noch nie einen Jungen und ein Mädchen als Kind gehabt. Там много гендерных различий; любой, кто думает, что мужчины и женщины одинаковы, просто никогда не имел мальчика и девочки. I don’t know why it is that they want to think that men and women are alike. ||||||||||||||||semelhantes Я не знаю, почему они хотят думать, что мужчины и женщины одинаковы. There’s much we have in common, but there’s a whole lot that we are not -- do not have in common. Es gibt viel, was wir gemeinsam haben, aber es gibt auch eine ganze Menge, was wir nicht sind - nicht gemeinsam haben.

We are -- in the words of Ted Hughes, "I think that we were built to be -- we’re like two feet. |||||||Hughes||||||gebaut|||||| |||||||Hughes|||||||||||| Мы - по словам Теда Хьюза: «Я думаю, что мы были созданы, чтобы быть - мы как две ноги. We need each other to get ahead." Мы нуждаемся друг в друге, чтобы идти вперед ». But we did not evolve to have the same brain. ||||entwickeln uns nicht||||| Aber wir haben uns nicht so entwickelt, dass wir das gleiche Gehirn haben. Но мы не развивались, чтобы иметь тот же мозг. And we’re finding more and more and more gender differences in the brain. I’ll only just use a couple and then move on to sex and love. Я только использую пару, а затем перейду к сексу и любви. One of them is women’s verbal ability. |||||sprachliche Fähigkeiten| Women can talk.

Women’s ability to find the right word rapidly, basic articulation goes up in the middle of the menstrual cycle, when estrogen levels peak. ||||||||grundlegende|Sprachfähigkeit||||||||Menstruationszyklus|Zyklus||Östrogenspiegel||Höchststand erreichen |||||||||||||||||||||amounts or concentrations| |||||||||articulación||||||||menstrual||||| Die Fähigkeit von Frauen, schnell das richtige Wort zu finden und sich zu artikulieren, nimmt in der Mitte des Menstruationszyklus zu, wenn der Östrogenspiegel seinen Höhepunkt erreicht. Способность женщины быстро находить правильное слово, базовая артикуляция повышается в середине менструального цикла, когда уровень эстрогена достигает пика. Здатність жінок швидко знаходити потрібне слово, базова артикуляція підвищується в середині менструального циклу, коли рівень естрогену досягає піку. But even at menstruation, they’re better than the average man. |||Aber selbst bei der Menstruation sind sie besser als der durchschnittliche Mann.|||||| |||menstruación|||||| Aber selbst bei der Menstruation sind sie besser als der Durchschnittsmann. Women can talk.

They’ve been doing it for a million years; words were women’s tools. They held that baby in front of their face, cajoling it, reprimanding it, educating it with words. |||||||||beschwichtigend||zurechtweisen||erziehen||| |||||||||mimando||reprendiendo||||| |seguraram||||||||mimando||repreendendo||||| Они держали этого ребенка перед лицом, уговаривая его, делая выговор, обучая его словами. Вони тримали цю дитину перед обличчям, умовляли її, дорікали, повчали словами. And, indeed, they’re becoming a very powerful force. |||||||Kraft

Even in places like India and Japan, where women are not moving rapidly into the regular job market, they’re moving into journalism. |||||||||||||||||||||Journalismus Даже в таких местах, как Индия и Япония, где женщины не стремительно выходят на обычный рынок труда, они переходят на журналистику. And I think that the television is like the global campfire. ||||||||||Lagerfeuer И я думаю, что телевидение похоже на мировой костер. We sit around it and it shapes our minds. ||||||formt||Geisteshaltung Мы сидим вокруг этого, и это формирует наш разум. Almost always, when I’m on TV, the producers who call me, who negotiate what we’re going to say, is a woman. |||||||Produzenten|||||verhandeln|||||||| |||||||os produtores||||||||||||| Почти всегда, когда я по телевизору, продюсеры, которые звонят мне и обсуждают то, что мы собираемся сказать, это женщина. In fact, Solzhenitsyn once said, "To have a great writer is to have another government." ||Solzhenizyn|||||||||||| ||Solzhenitsyn|||||||||||| ||Solzhenitsyn|||||||||||| Фактически, Солженицын однажды сказал: «Иметь великого писателя - значит иметь другое правительство». Справді, Солженіцин колись сказав: «Мати великого письменника — це мати інший уряд». Today 54 percent of people who are writers in America are women. ||||||Schriftstellerinnen|||| It’s one of many, many characteristics that women have that they will bring into the job market. Это одна из многих, многих характеристик, которые женщины имеют на рынке труда. They’ve got incredible people skills, negotiating skills. ||unglaubliche|||Verhandlungsgeschick| У них невероятные навыки общения, навыки ведения переговоров. They’re highly imaginative. ||sehr fantasievoll Они очень изобретательны. We now know the brain circuitry of imagination, of long-term planning. |||||Gehirnschaltkreise||Vorstellungskraft|||| Теперь мы знаем мозговую схему воображения, долгосрочного планирования. Тепер ми знаємо мозкову схему уяви, довгострокового планування. They tend to be web thinkers. |||||Denker Они склонны быть веб-мыслителями. Because the female parts of the brain are better connected, they tend to collect more pieces of data when they think, put them into more complex patterns, see more options and outcomes. |||||||||||||sammeln||||Daten||||||||komplexe Muster||||Optionen und Ergebnisse||Ergebnisse Поскольку женские части мозга лучше связаны, они склонны собирать больше фрагментов данных, когда они думают, помещать их в более сложные модели, видеть больше вариантов и результатов. They tend to be contextual, holistic thinkers, what I call web thinkers. ||||kontextbezogen|ganzheitlich|||||| Они имеют тенденцию быть контекстуальными, целостными мыслителями, что я называю веб-мыслителями. Вони схильні бути контекстуальними, цілісними мислителями, якими я називаю веб-мислителів.

Men tend to -- and these are averages -- tend to get rid of what they regard as extraneous, focus on what they do, and move in a more step-by-step thinking pattern. ||||||Durchschnittswerte||||||||betrachten als||überflüssig|||||||||||Schritt-für-Schritt||||Denkweise ||||||||||||||||unnecessary||||||||||||||| ||||||promedios||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||médias||||||||consideram||||||||||||||||| Männer neigen dazu - und dabei handelt es sich um Durchschnittswerte -, sich von dem zu trennen, was sie als überflüssig betrachten, sich auf das zu konzentrieren, was sie tun, und sich in einem eher schrittweisen Denkmuster zu bewegen. Мужчины склонны - и это средние показатели - стремятся избавиться от того, что они считают посторонним, сосредоточиться на том, что они делают, и двигаться в более пошаговом образе мышления. Чоловіки, як правило, - і це середні показники - прагнуть позбутися того, що вони вважають стороннім, зосередитися на тому, що вони роблять, і рухатися до більш поетапної моделі мислення. They’re both perfectly good ways of thinking. We need both of them to get ahead. Нам нужно, чтобы они оба продвинулись вперед. In fact, there’s many more male geniuses in the world. ||||||Genies||| In der Tat gibt es viel mehr männliche Genies auf der Welt. На самом деле в мире гораздо больше гениев-мужчин. When the -- and there’s also many more male idiots in the world. ||||||||Idioten||| (Laughter) When the male brain works well, it works extremely well. And I -- what I really think that we’re doing is, we’re moving towards a collaborative society, a society in which the talents of both men and women are becoming understood and valued and employed. ||||||||||||||kooperative|||||||Talente||||||||||geschätzt|| ||||||||||||||共同的||||||||||||||||||| И я… я действительно думаю, что мы делаем то, что мы движемся к обществу сотрудничества, обществу, в котором таланты как мужчин, так и женщин становятся понятными, ценными и занятыми.

But in fact, women moving into the job market is having a huge impact on sex and romance and family life. |||||||||||||||||Romantik||| Но на самом деле женщины, выходящие на рынок труда, оказывают огромное влияние на секс, романтику и семейную жизнь. Але насправді вихід жінок на ринок праці має величезний вплив на секс, романтику та сімейне життя. Foremost, women are starting to express their sexuality. In erster Linie|||||||Sexualität ausdrücken Em primeiro lugar||||||| Vor allem die Frauen beginnen, ihre Sexualität zum Ausdruck zu bringen. Прежде всего, женщины начинают выражать свою сексуальность. Перш за все, жінки починають виражати свою сексуальність. I’m always astonished when people come to me and say, "Why is it that men are so adulterous?" |||||||||||||||||ehebrecherisch ||astonished||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||adúlteros ||surpreendido|||||||||||||||adúlteros Мене завжди дивує, коли люди приходять до мене і кажуть: «Чому це чоловіки такі перелюбні?» And I say, "Why do you think more men are adulterous than women?" "Oh, well -- men are more adulterous!" And I say, "Who do you think these men are sleeping with?" And -- basic math! (Laughter)

Anyway. de qualquer forma In the Western world, little girls start -- women start sooner at sex, have more partners, express less remorse for the partners that they do, marry later, have fewer children, leave bad marriages in order to get good ones. |||||||||||||||||Reue|||||||heiraten|||||||Ehen|||||| В западном мире начинаются маленькие девочки - женщины начинают раньше в сексе, имеют больше партнеров, меньше выражают сожаление по поводу тех партнеров, которые у них появляются, вступают в брак позже, имеют меньше детей, оставляют плохие браки, чтобы получить хорошие. У західному світі маленькі дівчатка починають - жінки раніше починають займатися сексом, мають більше партнерів, висловлюють менше докорів сумління за партнерів, які вони мають, виходять заміж пізніше, народжують менше дітей, залишають погані шлюби, щоб отримати хороші. We are seeing the rise of female sexual expression. ||||Aufstieg||||sexuelle Ausdrucksweise Wir erleben die Zunahme des weiblichen sexuellen Ausdrucks. And, indeed, once again we’re moving forward to the kind of sexual expression that we probably saw on the grasslands of Africa a million years ago, because this is the kind of sexual expression that we see in hunting and gathering societies today. |||||||||||||||||||as savanas||||||||||||||||||||||| И действительно, мы снова движемся к тому типу сексуального выражения, которое мы, вероятно, видели на полях Африки миллион лет назад, потому что именно такое сексуальное выражение мы наблюдаем в охотничьих и собирательных обществах сегодня.

We’re also returning to an ancient form of marriage equality. ||zurückkehren zu|||uralt||||Ehegleichheit Wir kehren auch zu einer alten Form der Ehegleichheit zurück. Мы также возвращаемся к древней форме равенства брака. They’re now saying that the 21st century is going to be the century of what they call the "symmetrical marriage," or the "pure marriage," or the "companionate marriage." |||||21. Jahrhundert|||||||||||||symmetrische||||reine||||kameradschaftlich| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||compañero| Зараз вони кажуть, що 21 століття стане століттям того, що вони називають «симетричним шлюбом», або «чистим шлюбом», або «дружнім шлюбом». This is a marriage between equals, moving forward to a pattern that is highly compatible with the ancient human spirit. |||||Gleichgestellten|||||||||vereinbar||||| ||||||||||||||compatible||||| Это брак между равными, продвижение вперед к образцу, который очень совместим с древним человеческим духом.

We’re also seeing a rise of romantic love. 91 percent of American women and 86 percent of American men would not marry somebody who had every single quality they were looking for in a partner, if they were not in love with that person. |||||||||||||||||Eigenschaft|||||||||||||||| 91 Prozent der amerikanischen Frauen und 86 Prozent der amerikanischen Männer würden nicht jemanden heiraten, der alle Eigenschaften hat, die sie bei einem Partner suchen, wenn sie nicht in diese Person verliebt wären. People around the world, in a study of 37 societies, want to be in love with the person that they marry. Eine Studie über 37 Gesellschaften in der ganzen Welt hat ergeben, dass die Menschen in die Person, die sie heiraten, verliebt sein wollen. Люди во всем мире, изучая 37 обществ, хотят влюбиться в человека, за которого они вступают в брак. Згідно з дослідженням 37 країн, люди в усьому світі хочуть бути закоханими в людину, з якою одружуються. Indeed, arranged marriages are on their way off this braid of human life. |arrangierte||||ihrem||||Geflecht||menschlichen Lebens| |||||||||trenza||| |||||||||trança||| In der Tat sind arrangierte Ehen auf dem besten Weg, aus dem Geflecht des menschlichen Lebens verschwunden zu sein. Действительно, браки по договоренности уходят с этой косы человеческой жизни. Дійсно, шлюби за домовленістю відходять від цієї коси людського життя.

I even think that marriages might even become more stable because of the second great world trend. |até mesmo|acho||||||||||||||tendência Ich glaube sogar, dass die Ehen durch den zweiten großen Welttrend stabiler werden könnten. The first one being women moving into the job market, the second one being the aging world population. |||||||||||||||alternde Bevölkerung||Bevölkerung Der erste ist der Eintritt von Frauen in den Arbeitsmarkt, der zweite die Alterung der Weltbevölkerung. They’re now saying that in America, that middle age should be regarded as up to age 85. Jetzt heißt es, dass in Amerika das mittlere Alter bis zum Alter von 85 Jahren gelten soll. Зараз кажуть, що в Америці середнім віком слід вважати вік до 85 років. Because in that highest age category of 76 to 85, only -- as much as 40 percent of people have nothing really wrong with them. |||höchsten||Alterskategorie|||||||||Menschen|||||| Denn in der höchsten Altersgruppe von 76 bis 85 Jahren haben nur 40 Prozent der Menschen keine wirklichen Probleme. So we’re seeing there’s a real extension of middle age. Also|wir sehen|||||Erweiterung||| Wir sehen also, dass sich das mittlere Lebensalter wirklich verlängert.

And I looked -- for one of my books, I looked at divorce data in 58 societies. |||||||||||Scheidungsdaten||| And as it turns out, the older you get, the less likely you are to divorce. Und je älter man wird, desto geringer ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass man sich scheiden lässt. So the divorce rate right now is stable in America, and it’s actually beginning to decline. |||||||||||||||rückläufig werden It may decline some more. I would even say that with Viagra, estrogen replacement, hip replacements and the incredibly interesting women -- women have never been as interesting as they are now. ||||||Viagra||Ersatz|Hüftgelenke|Ersatzteile|||unglaublich|||||||||||| ||||||Viagra||||reemplazos||||||||||||||| Ich würde sogar sagen, dass mit Viagra, Östrogenersatz, Hüftprothesen und den unglaublich interessanten Frauen - Frauen waren noch nie so interessant wie heute. Я бы даже сказал, что с виагрой, заменой эстрогена, заменой тазобедренного сустава и невероятно интересными женщинами - женщины никогда не были такими интересными, как сейчас. Я б навіть сказав, що з Віагрою, заміною естрогену, заміною тазостегнового суглоба та неймовірно цікавими жінками -- жінки ніколи не були такими цікавими, як зараз. Not at any time on this planet have women been so educated, so interesting, so capable. |||||||||||gebildet|||| Zu keiner Zeit auf diesem Planeten waren Frauen so gebildet, so interessant, so fähig. And so I honestly think that if there really was ever a time in human evolution when we have the opportunity to make good marriages, that time is now. Wenn es in der menschlichen Evolution jemals eine Zeit gab, in der wir die Möglichkeit hatten, gute Ehen zu schließen, dann ist diese Zeit jetzt gekommen.

However, there’s always kinds of complications in this. |||||Komplikationen|| In these three brain systems: lust, romantic love and attachment -- don’t always go together. |||||Lust||||Bindung|||| У цих трьох системах мозку: хіть, романтичне кохання та прихильність — не завжди поєднуються. They can go together, by the way. That’s why casual sex isn’t so casual. ||ungezwungen|||| Deshalb ist Gelegenheitssex gar nicht so ungezwungen. With orgasm you get a spike of dopamine. |Mit Orgasmus bekommst du einen Dopaminanstieg.||||Anstieg|| |||||um aumento|| Dopamine’s associated with romantic love, and you can just fall in love with somebody who you’re just having casual sex with. Dopamin ist|||||||||||||||||||| de la dopamina|||||||||||||||||||| da dopamina|||||||||||||||||||| Дофамін асоціюється з романтичним коханням, і ви можете просто закохатися в когось, з ким у вас просто випадковий секс. With orgasm, then you get a real rush of oxytocin and vasopressin -- those are associated with attachment. |||||||||Oxytocin||Vasopressin||||| |||||||||||vasopressina|||||vínculo emocional Beim Orgasmus kommt es zu einem regelrechten Ansturm von Oxytocin und Vasopressin, die mit Bindung zu tun haben. З оргазмом ви отримуєте справжній приплив окситоцину та вазопресину - вони пов'язані з прихильністю. This is why you can feel such a sense of cosmic union with somebody after you’ve made love to them. ||||||||||kosmisch||||||||| Deshalb kann man ein solches Gefühl der kosmischen Vereinigung mit jemandem empfinden, nachdem man mit ihm oder ihr geschlafen hat.

But these three brain systems: lust, romantic love and attachment, aren’t always connected to each other. |||||luxúria|||||||||| Aber diese drei Gehirnsysteme - Lust, romantische Liebe und Bindung - sind nicht immer miteinander verbunden. You can feel deep attachment to a long-term partner while you feel intense romantic love for somebody else, while you feel the sex drive for people unrelated to these other partners. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||nicht verbunden|||| In short, we’re capable of loving more than one person at a time. |||||lieben||||||| Kurz gesagt, wir sind in der Lage, mehr als eine Person auf einmal zu lieben. In fact, you can lie in bed at night and swing from deep feelings of attachment for one person to deep feelings of romantic love for somebody else. ||||||||||umschlagen||||||||||||||||| It’s as if there’s a committee meeting going on in your head as you are trying to decide what to do. Це ніби у вашій голові відбувається засідання комітету, коли ви намагаєтеся вирішити, що робити. So I don’t think, honestly, we’re an animal that was built to be happy; we are an animal that was built to reproduce. ||||||||||||||||||||||sich fortpflanzen Ich glaube also nicht, dass wir ein Tier sind, das zum Glücklichsein geschaffen wurde; wir sind ein Tier, das zur Fortpflanzung geschaffen wurde. I think the happiness we find, we make. Я думаю, що щастя, яке ми знаходимо, ми робимо. And I think, however, we can make good relationships with each other. ||||||||Beziehungen|||

So I want to conclude with two things. ||||abschließen||| I want to conclude with a worry. Ich möchte mit einer Sorge schließen. I have a worry -- and with a wonderful story. Ich habe eine Sorge - und zwar mit einer wunderbaren Geschichte. The worry is about antidepressants. ||||Die Sorge gilt Antidepressiva. Занепокоєння стосується антидепресантів. Over 100 million prescriptions of antidepressants are written every year in the United States. ||Rezepte|||||||||| And these drugs are going generic. |||||generisch werden They are seeping around the world. ||sickern durch die Welt||| ||filtrando||| ||espalhando-se||| Sie sickern in die ganze Welt. Вони просочуються по всьому світу. I know one girl who’s been on these antidepressants, serotonin-enhancing -- SSRI, serotonin-enhancing antidepressants -- since she was 13. |||||||||Serotonin-steigernd|steigernd|SSRI|||||| ||||||||serotonin-enhancing antidepressants||||||||| |||||||||||ISRS|||||| |||||||||||ISRS|||||| Я знаю одну дівчину, яка приймала ці антидепресанти, що підвищують рівень серотоніну - SSRI, антидепресанти, що підвищують серотонін - з 13 років. She’s 23. She’s been on them ever since she was 13.

I’ve got nothing against people who take them short term, when they’re going through something perfectly horrible. Ich habe nichts gegen Menschen, die sie kurzfristig einnehmen, wenn sie etwas ganz Schreckliches durchmachen. They want to commit suicide or kill somebody else. ||||Selbstmord begehen|||| Sie wollen Selbstmord begehen oder jemand anderen töten. I would recommend it. Ich würde es empfehlen. But more and more people in the United States are taking them long term. And indeed, what these drugs do is raise levels of serotonin. Und in der Tat, diese Medikamente erhöhen den Serotoninspiegel. And by raising levels of serotonin, you suppress the dopamine circuit. ||Erhöhung|||||unterdrückst|||Dopamin-Kreislauf А підвищуючи рівень серотоніну, ви пригнічуєте ланцюг дофаміну. Everybody knows that. Dopamine is associated with romantic love. Not only do they suppress the dopamine circuit, but they kill the sex drive. Sie unterdrücken nicht nur den Dopamin-Kreislauf, sondern töten auch den Sexualtrieb. And when you kill the sex drive, you kill orgasm. And when you kill orgasm, you kill that flood of drugs associated with attachment. Und wenn man den Orgasmus ausschaltet, schaltet man die mit der Bindung verbundene Drogenflut aus. The things are connected in the brain. And when you tamper with one brain system, you’re going to tamper with another. |||manipulieren|||||||||| |||interfieres|||||||||| |||interfere|||||||||| Und wenn man an einem Gehirnsystem herumpfuscht, wird man an einem anderen herumpfuschen. І коли ви втручаєтеся в одну систему мозку, ви збираєтеся втручатися в іншу. I’m just simply saying that a world without love is a deadly place. |||||||||||tödlicher Ort| |||||||||||mortal| Ich will damit nur sagen, dass eine Welt ohne Liebe ein tödlicher Ort ist.

So now -- (Applause) -- thank you. ||<Applaus>|| I want to end with a story. And then, just a comment. I’ve been studying romantic love and sex and attachment for 30 years. I’m an identical twin; I am interested in why we’re all alike. ||identisch|Zwilling|||||||| Ich bin ein eineiiger Zwilling; mich interessiert, warum wir alle gleich sind. Why you and I are alike, why the Iraqis and the Japanese and the Australian Aborigines and the people of the Amazon River are all alike. ||||||||Iraker|||||||Ureinwohner Australiens|||||||Fluss des Amazonas||| |||||||||||||||Aborígenes|||||||||| ||||||||os iraquianos|||||||os aborígenes||||||||||

And about a year ago, an Internet dating service, Match.com, came to me and asked me if I would design a new dating site for them. |||||||Dating-Plattform||Match.com|||||||||||entwerfen|||||| Und vor etwa einem Jahr kam eine Internet-Partnervermittlung, Match.com, auf mich zu und fragte mich, ob ich eine neue Partnervermittlungsseite für sie entwerfen würde. I said, "I don’t know anything about personality. |||||||Persönlichkeit You know? I don’t know. Do you think you’ve got the right person?" They said, "Yes." It got me thinking about why it is that you fall in love with one person rather than another.

That’s my current project; it will be my next book. There’s all kinds of reasons that you fall in love with one person rather than another. Timing is important. Das Timing|| o tempo|| Proximity is important. Nähe ist wichtig.|| Важлива близькість. Mystery is important. Geheimnisse sind wichtig. You fall in love with somebody who’s somewhat mysterious, in part because mystery elevates dopamine in the brain, probably pushes you over that threshold to fall in love. |||||||||||||steigert||||||stößt an||||Schwelle|||| |||||||||||||||||||||||limite|||| Man verliebt sich in jemanden, der etwas geheimnisvoll ist, auch weil Geheimnisse den Dopaminspiegel im Gehirn erhöhen, was wahrscheinlich die Schwelle zum Verlieben überschreitet. You fall in love with somebody who fits within what I call your "love map," an unconscious list of traits that you build in childhood as you grow up. |||||||passt zu|||||||||unbewusst|||Eigenschaften|||||Kindheit|||| Man verliebt sich in jemanden, der zu dem passt, was ich als "Liebeskarte" bezeichne, eine unbewusste Liste von Eigenschaften, die man in der Kindheit aufbaut, während man aufwächst. And I also think that you become -- gravitate to certain people, actually, with somewhat complementary brain systems. |||||||hingezogen fühlen|||||||ergänzende|| ||||||||||||||complementarios|| І я також думаю, що ви стаєте... тяжієте до певних людей, насправді, з певною мірою комплементарними системами мозку. And that’s what I’m now contributing to this. |||||beitragen zu||

But I want to tell you a story about -- to illustrate. ||||||||||veranschaulichen I’ve been carrying on here about the biology of love. |||||||Biologie|| I wanted to show you a little bit about the culture of it, too -- the magic of it. It’s a story that was told to me by somebody who had heard it just from one of the -- probably a true story. It was a graduate student at -- I’m at Rutgers and my two colleagues -- Art Aaron is at SUNY Stonybrook. ||||||||Rutgers-Universität||||||Art Aaron||||SUNY Stony Brook ||||||||||||||||||Stonybrook |||||||||||||||||SUNY Stonybrook|SUNY Stonybrook Es war ein Doktorand an der - ich bin an der Rutgers und meine beiden Kollegen - Art Aaron ist an der SUNY Stonybrook. That’s where we put our people in the MRI machine.

And this graduate student was madly in love with another graduate student, and she was not in love with him. And they were all at a conference in Beijing. ||||||||Peking And he knew from our work that if you go and do something very novel with somebody, you can drive up the dopamine in the brain. ||||||||||||||neuartig||||||||||| Und er wusste aus unserer Arbeit, dass man den Dopaminspiegel im Gehirn erhöhen kann, wenn man etwas ganz Neues mit jemandem macht. І він знав з нашої роботи, що якщо ви йдете і робите з кимось щось дуже нове, ви можете підвищити дофамін у мозку. And perhaps trigger this brain system for romantic love. ||auslösen|||||| (Laughter) So he decided he’d put science to work, and he invited this girl to go off on a rickshaw ride with him. |||||einsetzen||||||||||||||Rikscha-Fahrt||| (Сміх) Тож він вирішив застосувати науку, і запросив цю дівчину покататися з ним на рикші.

And sure enough -- I’ve never been in one, but apparently they go all around the buses and the trucks and it’s crazy and it’s noisy and it’s exciting. ||||||||||||||||||Lastwagen||||||||| ||||nunca||||||||||||||os caminhões||||||||| І, звичайно, я ніколи не був у ньому, але, очевидно, вони їздять по всіх автобусах і вантажівках, і це божевільно, шумно і захоплююче. And he figured that this would drive up the dopamine, and she would fall in love with him. ||dachte sich||||||||||||||| So off they go and she’s squealing and squeezing him and laughing and having a wonderful time. ||||||quietschen||drückt ihn|||||||| ||||||gritando|||||||||| Also gehen sie los, und sie quiekt und drückt ihn, lacht und hat eine wunderbare Zeit. Тож вони пішли, а вона пищить, стискає його, сміється і чудово проводить час. An hour later they get down off of the rickshaw, and she throws her hands up and she says, "Wasn’t that wonderful?" Eine Stunde später steigen sie aus der Rikscha aus, und sie wirft ihre Hände hoch und sagt: "War das nicht wunderbar?" Через годину вони виходять з рикші, а вона підводить руками й каже: «Хіба це не було чудово?» And, "Wasn’t that rickshaw driver handsome!" Und: "War der Rikschafahrer nicht schön!" (Laughter) (Applause)

There’s magic to love! Є магія, щоб любити! But I will end by saying that millions of years ago, we evolved three basic drives: the sex drive, romantic love and attachment to a long-term partner. Але я закінчу, сказавши, що мільйони років тому ми розвинули три основні потяги: сексуальний потяг, романтичне кохання та прихильність до довгострокового партнера. These circuits are deeply embedded in the human brain. |Diese Schaltkreise sind tief im menschlichen Gehirn eingebettet.||tief|eingebettet|||| Ці схеми глибоко вбудовані в людський мозок. They’re going to survive as long as our species survives on what Shakespeare called "this mortal coil." |||überleben|||||Spezies|überleben||was|||dieser sterblichen Welt|sterblich|sterbliche Hülle ||||||||||||||||cuerpo ||||||||||||||||espiral Sie werden so lange überleben, wie unsere Spezies auf dem, was Shakespeare "diese sterbliche Hülle" nannte, überlebt. Они будут выживать до тех пор, пока наш вид будет существовать на том, что Шекспир называл "этим смертным кругом". Вони виживатимуть до тих пір, поки живе наш вид на тому, що Шекспір назвав «цією смертною котушкою». Thank you. (Applause)

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