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The Awakening of Europe, 18. Among the Icebergs

18. Among the Icebergs

"And now there came both mist and snow, And it grew wondrous cold. " —COLERIDGE. Besides Howard, Drake, and Hawkins, no one had been of more use in pursuing the Spanish Armada than Martin Frobisher.

Born in 1535, he had been at sea all his life; for he was one of the first among early explorers to sail amid the ice of the far north in search of a passage to China by North America. For years past it had been the dream of every voyager to find a short way to the East by which English wares could be exchanged for the pearls and spice of India without the long voyage by the Cape of Good Hope.

It had been the dream of Cabot, and the dream of Sir Hugh Willoughby, who had perished in the attempt. It was now the dream of Martin Frobisher. The discovery of the north-west passage, he said, was "the only thing of the world that was yet left undone by which a notable mind might be made famous and fortunate." He did not care for plundering Spanish ships laden with treasure. Rather did he look for honour for his country, fame for himself, knowledge of new lands for the whole world. The idea did not appeal to his countrymen, and, like Columbus before him, he asked for ships and money in vain.

For thirteen long years he toiled, until at last a patron arose to supply the necessary funds, and in the year 1576 two little ships, the Gabriel and Michael, left England for the ice-bound regions of the north. Wondrous, indeed, was the courage of the man who set forth on such an expedition of danger, with two small ships and a crew of only thirty-five men.

Queen Elizabeth stood at an open window of her palace at Greenwich waving farewell to the captain of this little fleet bound for unknown seas of ice. She recognised the greatness of his spirit and the daring of his adventure, but she had not stirred a finger to get him new ships for his perilous undertaking.

So Frobisher sailed away to the north by the eastern coast of England and the north of Scotland. Here a furious storm broke over the little ships, and before ever Frobisher had reached the icy coast of Greenland the Gabriel was alone. The Michael had deserted and gone home with the story that Frobisher himself had perished in a storm. Mean-while the captain was sailing bravely onwards with his storm-shattered ship and his diminished crew of eighteen.

"I will sacrifice my life to God rather than return home without discovering a north-west passage to Cathay," he said to his men with that enthusiasm which alone can carry a man through great enterprises. And the men, catching his spirit of courage, sailed their battered ship across to the shores of Labrador. Amid a group of American islands he entered what seemed to be a strait that might lead to the East. Bearing in mind Magellan's Straits, leading from the Atlantic to the Pacific by South America, he named these Frobisher's Straits, hoping they might lead from ocean to ocean by North America. Further than all former mariners he sailed into this unknown sea. Yet for all his courage, the expedition failed: man after man died, the weather grew very cold, snow fell heavily, and reluctantly he sailed home.

A curious thing now happened. A stone which he had brought from the frozen regions to England was said to contain gold. Martin Frobisher sprang into fame. A new fleet was at once fitted out, not for the discovery of the north-west passage, but for the discovery of more gold. The queen sent a large ship of her own this time; men offered their services by the score; Frobisher was made High Admiral of all seas and waters, countries, lands, and isles, of the icy north, and in 1577 he sailed off on his second expedition. The fleet did not go far, but it returned laden with supposed gold. Kneeling on the frozen snow, the little party of Englishmen had taken possession of the country in the name of the queen, leaving a cross of stones and the English flag flying.

While Drake was sailing round the world, Martin Frobisher was being given command of a yet more famous fleet of fifteen ships, so that he should sail to the frozen land of gold, and leave there a little colony of Englishmen to protect English interests from strangers. Away sailed the magnificent fleet, away once more to the northern coast of America, towards Frobisher's Straits. Amid snow and ice, fogs and gales, the ships made their way. One vessel was crushed between mighty icebergs. In a thick fog the ships lost their course, but Frobisher now made the greatest discovery of his life. He had found out that Frobisher's Straits were no straits, but a bay. Now, to the north of Frobisher's Bay he was sailing west, through another channel, which might lead on into the open sea beyond. In reality he was sailing up the straits known later as Hudson's Straits, and he was close on the entrance to the great inland sea of North America, when he turned back to fulfill his orders and search for gold. The ships returned home with their freight of stones, but by this time England was raging with disappointment, for little enough gold had been produced from the black stones of the frozen north, and no more ships were sent in search of it. The plan of a colony was given up. It was three hundred years before the north-west passage into the Pacific Ocean was found, after many a ship had been lost and many a life laid down. Intricate enough was the channel that led from sea to sea, and far to the north of anything that Martin Frobisher, with all his courage and with all his enthusiasm, could ever have found with the imperfect ships at his command.

18. Among the Icebergs ||冰山中 Parmi||Glaciers 18. Unter den Eisbergen 18. Entre los icebergs 18. Parmi les icebergs 18. Tra gli iceberg 18.アイスバーグの中で 18. Entre os Icebergs 18. Среди айсбергов 18. Buzdağları Arasında 18. Серед айсбергів 18. 冰山之中

"And now there came both mist and snow, And it grew wondrous cold. ||||同时|雾||||||非常寒冷| |||||brume||neige|||devenait|merveilleux|froid |||||sis||||||olağanüstü| "E ora arrivò la nebbia e la neve, e fece un freddo meraviglioso. "І пішов туман і сніг, і стало дуже холодно. “现在来到了雾和雪的时刻，天气变得非常寒冷。” " —COLERIDGE. 科尔律治 COLERIDGE —COLERIDGE. ——科尔里奇。 Besides Howard, Drake, and Hawkins, no one had been of more use in pursuing the Spanish Armada than Martin Frobisher. |霍华德|||霍金斯||||||||||||||马丁|弗罗比舍 En plus de|Howard|Drake||Hawkins|||||||||poursuivant|||Armada espagnole||Martin|Frobisher |||||||||||||takip etmek|||||| Oltre a Howard, Drake e Hawkins, nessuno era stato più utile di Martin Frobisher nell'inseguire l'Armada spagnola. Окрім Говарда, Дрейка і Хокінса, ніхто не приніс більше користі в переслідуванні іспанської армади, ніж Мартін Фробішер. 除了霍华德、德雷克和霍金斯之外，没有人比马丁·弗罗比舍更能在追击西班牙无敌舰队的过程中发挥更大的作用。 除了霍华德、德雷克和霍金斯之外，马丁·弗罗比舍在追击西班牙无敌舰队方面没有人比他更有用。

Born in 1535, he had been at sea all his life; for he was one of the first among early explorers to sail amid the ice of the far north in search of a passage to China by North America. |||||||||||||||||||||||这|冰||这|||||||||||| Né|||||||||||||||||||||naviguer|au milieu||glace||||||recherche|||explorateur du nord||Chine||| Він народився 1535 року і все життя провів у морі, адже був одним із перших серед перших дослідників, хто вирушив у плавання серед льодів далекої півночі в пошуках проходу до Китаю через Північну Америку. 他于1535年出生，一生都在海上度过；因为他是早期探险者中第一批在北极冰原中航行，寻找通过北美到达中国的通道的人之一。 For years past it had been the dream of every voyager to find a short way to the East by which English wares could be exchanged for the pearls and spice of India without the long voyage by the Cape of Good Hope. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||香料|||||||||||| |||||||rêve|||voyageur||||||||||||marchandises|||échangées|||perles||épices||Inde||||voyage|||Cap de Bonne-Espérance||| ||||||||||||||||||||||mallar||||||inciler ve baharat||||||||deniz yolculuğu|||||| Da anni il sogno di ogni viaggiatore era quello di trovare una via breve per l'Oriente che permettesse di scambiare le merci inglesi con le perle e le spezie dell'India senza dover affrontare il lungo viaggio fino al Capo di Buona Speranza. Протягом багатьох років мрією кожного мандрівника було знайти короткий шлях на Схід, яким можна було б обміняти англійські товари на перли і прянощі Індії, оминаючи довгий шлях повз мис Доброї Надії. 多年来，每位水手的梦想都是找到一条通往东部的短途，以便能够用英国货物与印度的珍珠和香料进行交换，而无需经过长途的好望角航行。

It had been the dream of Cabot, and the dream of Sir Hugh Willoughby, who had perished in the attempt. ||||||卡博特||||||休|威洛比|||||| ||||||Cabot|||||Monsieur|Hugues|Willoughby|||péris|||tentative ||||||||||||||||hayatını kaybetmiş|||girişim Це була мрія Кебота і мрія сера Г'ю Віллоубі, який загинув під час замаху. 这曾是卡博特的梦想，也是休·威洛比爵士的梦想，他在尝试中丧生。 It was now the dream of Martin Frobisher. Тепер це була мрія Мартіна Фробішера. The discovery of the north-west passage, he said, was "the only thing of the world that was yet left undone by which a notable mind might be made famous and fortunate." |||||||||||||||||||剩下的|未完成的||||杰出||||||| |découverte||||ouest|||||||||||||encore|laissé|non fait||||notable|esprit|pourrait|||||heureux et célèbre ||||||||||||||||||||tamamlanmamış||||dikkate değer||||||| Відкриття північно-західного проходу, за його словами, було "єдиною річчю у світі, яка ще залишалася незавершеною і завдяки якій видатний розум міг би прославитися і стати щасливим". 他表示，发现西北航道是“世界上唯一未完成的事情，足以使杰出的人物成名与幸运。” He did not care for plundering Spanish ships laden with treasure. |||se soucier||piller|||chargés de|| |||||yağmalamak|||yüklü||hazine yüklü Non gli interessava saccheggiare le navi spagnole cariche di tesori. Він не переймався тим, що грабував іспанські кораблі, навантажені скарбами. 他并不在乎掠夺装满宝藏的西班牙船只。 Rather did he look for honour for his country, fame for himself, knowledge of new lands for the whole world. |||||||||名声|||||||||| |||||honneur|||pays|gloire||lui-même||||terres|||| |||||onur||||şöhret|||bilgi||||||| Він радше шукав честі для своєї країни, слави для себе, пізнання нових земель для всього світу. 相反，他希望为自己的国家争取荣誉，为自己赢得名声，为全世界获取新土地的知识。 The idea did not appeal to his countrymen, and, like Columbus before him, he asked for ships and money in vain. ||||||||||哥伦布|||||||||| ||||plaire|||compatriotes|||Colomb||lui||a demandé||||||en vain Ідея не сподобалася його співвітчизникам, і, як і Колумб до нього, він марно просив кораблі та гроші. 这个想法并没有得到他的同胞们的认可，就像在他之前的哥伦布一样，他徒劳地请求船只和资金。

For thirteen long years he toiled, until at last a patron arose to supply the necessary funds, and in the year 1576 two little ships, the Gabriel and Michael, left England for the ice-bound regions of the north. ||||||||||赞助人||||||||||||小|||加布里埃尔||米迦勒|离开||||冰封||||| |||||çabaladı|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Тринадцять довгих років він працював, поки нарешті не знайшовся меценат, який надав необхідні кошти, і в 1576 році два маленькі кораблі, "Габріель" і "Майкл", відпливли з Англії до скованих льодами північних регіонів. 整整十三年，他辛勤工作，直到最后一位赞助人出现，提供了必要的资金，1576年，两艘小船，加布里埃尔号和迈克尔号，离开英格兰，前往冰封的北部地区。 Wondrous, indeed, was the courage of the man who set forth on such an expedition of danger, with two small ships and a crew of only thirty-five men. ||||||||||||||||||||||确实|||||| Meraviglioso fu il coraggio dell'uomo che partì per una spedizione così pericolosa, con due piccole navi e un equipaggio di soli trentacinque uomini. Дивовижною була мужність людини, яка вирушила в таку небезпечну експедицію на двох невеликих кораблях з екіпажем, що складався лише з тридцяти п'яти чоловік. 的确，开始这样一次危险探险的人的勇气是奇妙的，他只有两艘小船和仅有三十五人的船员。

Queen Elizabeth stood at an open window of her palace at Greenwich waving farewell to the captain of this little fleet bound for unknown seas of ice. Королева Єлизавета стояла біля відчиненого вікна свого палацу в Грінвічі і махала на прощання капітану цього маленького флоту, що прямував до невідомих крижаних морів. She recognised the greatness of his spirit and the daring of his adventure, but she had not stirred a finger to get him new ships for his perilous undertaking. |承认||||||||||||||||动过手||||||||||危险的|事业 Вона визнавала велич його духу і відвагу його пригод, але вона й пальцем не поворухнула, щоб дістати йому нові кораблі для його небезпечної справи. 她认出了他精神的伟大和冒险的勇敢，但她并没有动一根手指去为他危险的事业获得新船。

So Frobisher sailed away to the north by the eastern coast of England and the north of Scotland. |弗罗比舍|||||||||||||||| Тож Фробішер відплив на північ вздовж східного узбережжя Англії та півночі Шотландії. 于是，弗罗比舍沿着英格兰东海岸和苏格兰北部向北航行。 Here a furious storm broke over the little ships, and before ever Frobisher had reached the icy coast of Greenland the Gabriel was alone. |||||||||||||||||||格林兰||加布里埃尔|| Тут на маленькі кораблики налетів шалений шторм, і перш ніж "Фробішер" досягнув крижаного узбережжя Гренландії, "Гавриїл" залишився сам. 在这里，一场猛烈的风暴袭击了小船，在弗罗比舍抵达格林兰冰冷海岸之前，加布里埃尔号已经独自在船。 The Michael had deserted and gone home with the story that Frobisher himself had perished in a storm. |||抛弃|||||||||||||| Майкл покинув корабель і пішов додому з історією про те, що сам Фробішер загинув під час шторму. 迈克尔号已经抛弃了船只，回家时带着福罗比舍在暴风中遇难的故事。 Mean-while the captain was sailing bravely onwards with his storm-shattered ship and his diminished crew of eighteen. Тим часом капітан відважно плив далі зі своїм розбитим штормом кораблем і зменшеною командою з вісімнадцяти чоловік. 与此同时，船长带着他的暴风雨破损的船和减少到十八人的船员勇敢地继续航行。

"I will sacrifice my life to God rather than return home without discovering a north-west passage to Cathay," he said to his men with that enthusiasm which alone can carry a man through great enterprises. ||||||||||||||||||中国|||||||||那种|独有的|||||完成||伟大事业 'Ik zal mijn leven aan God opofferen in plaats van naar huis terug te keren zonder een noordwestelijke doorgang naar Cathay te ontdekken', zei hij tegen zijn mannen met dat enthousiasme dat alleen een man door grote ondernemingen kan helpen. 他对他的船员说：“我宁愿把我的生命献给上帝，也不愿在没有发现通往中国的西北航道的情况下返回家乡。”，他的热情足以支撑他完成伟大的事业。 And the men, catching his spirit of courage, sailed their battered ship across to the shores of Labrador. |||领悟到||精神|||||||驶向|||||拉布拉多 那些男人们受到他的勇气的激励，驾着他们那艘破旧的船驶向拉布拉多的海岸。 Amid a group of American islands he entered what seemed to be a strait that might lead to the East. ||||美洲的|群岛||||||||海峡|||通往||| 在一组美国岛屿中，他进入了看似可以通往东部的海峡。 Bearing in mind Magellan's Straits, leading from the Atlantic to the Pacific by South America, he named these Frobisher's Straits, hoping they might lead from ocean to ocean by North America. 方向|||麦哲伦的||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 考虑到麦哲伦海峡，它连接着大西洋和太平洋，他将这些海峡命名为弗罗比舍海峡，希望它们能通过北美从一个海洋通向另一个海洋。 Further than all former mariners he sailed into this unknown sea. ||||水手|||||| 他比所有以前的水手驶入了这片未知的海域。 Yet for all his courage, the expedition failed: man after man died, the weather grew very cold, snow fell heavily, and reluctantly he sailed home. Tuttavia, nonostante il suo coraggio, la spedizione fallì: un uomo dopo l'altro morì, il clima si fece molto freddo, la neve cadde copiosa, e a malincuore fece rotta verso casa. 然而尽管他勇敢，探险还是失败了：一个接一个的人死去，天气变得非常寒冷，雪下得很大，他不得不依依不舍地航回家。

A curious thing now happened. |奇怪的||| 现在发生了一件奇怪的事情。 A stone which he had brought from the frozen regions to England was said to contain gold. 他从冰冻地区带回英国的一块石头被说含有黄金。 Martin Frobisher sprang into fame. 马丁·弗罗比舍一跃成名。 A new fleet was at once fitted out, not for the discovery of the north-west passage, but for the discovery of more gold. |||||||装备|||||||||||||||| Fu subito allestita una nuova flotta, non per la scoperta del passaggio a nord-ovest, ma per la scoperta di altro oro. 一支新的舰队立即装备起来，目的不是为了发现西北航道，而是为了发现更多的黄金。 The queen sent a large ship of her own this time; men offered their services by the score; Frobisher was made High Admiral of all seas and waters, countries, lands, and isles, of the icy north, and in 1577 he sailed off on his second expedition. |||||||||||||他们的||||成百上千|弗罗比舍|||||||||||||||||||||||||| 女王这次派出了一艘自己的大船；许多人自愿提供服务；弗罗比舍被任命为所有海洋、河流、国家、土地和冰冷北方岛屿的高海军司令，1577年他出发进行了第二次探险。 The fleet did not go far, but it returned laden with supposed gold. 舰队并没有走远，但带回了据称是黄金的货物。 Kneeling on the frozen snow, the little party of Englishmen had taken possession of the country in the name of the queen, leaving a cross of stones and the English flag flying. 跪着||||||||||||占领||||||||||留下|在|||||||| 在冰冷的雪地上跪着的一小队英国人已代表女王占领了这片土地，留下了一座石头十字架和飘扬的英格兰旗帜。

While Drake was sailing round the world, Martin Frobisher was being given command of a yet more famous fleet of fifteen ships, so that he should sail to the frozen land of gold, and leave there a little colony of Englishmen to protect English interests from strangers. 当德雷克环游世界时，马丁·弗罗比舍被赋予了一支更为著名的十五艘船的指挥权，让他前往黄金的冰封土地，并在那里留下一个小型的英国人殖民地，以保护英国利益不受外来者的侵害。 Away sailed the magnificent fleet, away once more to the northern coast of America, towards Frobisher's Straits. 宏伟的舰队扬帆起航，再次驶向美国北部海岸，朝着弗罗比舍海峡进发。 Amid snow and ice, fogs and gales, the ships made their way. |||||||||航行|它们的| 在雪和冰、雾和暴风中，船只逐渐前行。 One vessel was crushed between mighty icebergs. |||被压碎||| In a thick fog the ships lost their course, but Frobisher now made the greatest discovery of his life. 在浓雾中，船只迷失了航线，但弗罗比舍现在发现了他一生中最大的发现。 He had found out that Frobisher's Straits were no straits, but a bay. 他发现弗罗比舍海峡不是海峡，而是一个海湾。 Now, to the north of Frobisher's Bay he was sailing west, through another channel, which might lead on into the open sea beyond. |||||||||||||水道|||||||开阔的||之外 现在，在弗罗比舍湾的北部，他正向西航行，穿过另一个水道，这可能通向更远的公海。 In reality he was sailing up the straits known later as Hudson's Straits, and he was close on the entrance to the great inland sea of North America, when he turned back to fulfill his orders and search for gold. |||||||||||哈德逊||||||||||||||||||||||||命令|||| 实际上，他正在航行在后被称为哈德逊海峡的海峡上，当他接近北美伟大内陆海的入口时，他回头履行命令并寻找黄金。 The ships returned home with their freight of stones, but by this time England was raging with disappointment, for little enough gold had been produced from the black stones of the frozen north, and no more ships were sent in search of it. ||||||货物|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Le navi tornarono a casa con il loro carico di pietre, ma ormai l'Inghilterra era in preda alla delusione, perché dalle pietre nere del nord ghiacciato era stato ricavato poco oro e non furono inviate altre navi alla sua ricerca. 这些船只满载石头返回祖国，但此时英国因失望而愤怒，因为从冰冻北方的黑石中所产出的黄金实在太少，因此再也没有船只被派去寻找黄金。 The plan of a colony was given up. Il progetto di una colonia è stato abbandonato. 殖民地的计划被放弃了。 It was three hundred years before the north-west passage into the Pacific Ocean was found, after many a ship had been lost and many a life laid down. ||||||||||||||||之后|||||||||||| Sono passati trecento anni prima che venisse trovato il passaggio a nord-ovest nell'Oceano Pacifico, dopo che molte navi erano andate perse e molte vite erano state spezzate. 在发现通往太平洋的西北航道之前，经过许多船只沉没和无数生命的牺牲，已经过去了三百年。 Intricate enough was the channel that led from sea to sea, and far to the north of anything that Martin Frobisher, with all his courage and with all his enthusiasm, could ever have found with the imperfect ships at his command. 复杂的|||||||||||||||北方||||||||||||||||曾经||发现|||不完美的||在|| Denizden denize uzanan kanal yeterince karmaşıktı ve Martin Frobisher'in tüm cesareti ve coşkusuyla emrindeki kusurlu gemilerle bulabileceği her şeyin çok kuzeyindeydi. 从海到海的航道复杂得令人惊讶，远远超出了马丁·弗罗比舍与他所掌握的那些不完美船只的勇气和热情所能找到的任何地方。