×

We use cookies to help make LingQ better. By visiting the site, you agree to our cookie policy.

image

Steve's Youtube Videos - Vocabulary, Active and passive vocabulary

Active and passive vocabulary

Hi there.

Steve Kaufmann here, talking to all of you who want to learn languages. I'm very happy to share with you my experience, my views, and I think my views should count for something because I have learned 12 languages to varying degrees, I have another two that I'm working on, yet my views I think are very much in the minority. Okay? I'm going to talk today about active and passive vocabulary and I'm going to say that there is far too much emphasis placed, both in terms of how we teach languages and the things that people worry about when they learn languages. There's too much emphasis on active vocabulary.

It's this old question of developing an ability to speak or, rather, focusing on building up your understanding of the language. It is impossible to be fluent if you can't understand. It is impossible to claim that you are at some level. They have all these numbers B-1, B-2, C-1. Whatever you claim, you can't claim that you speak at that level if you don't understand at a much higher level because the native speaker with whom you're going to speak is always going to have a bigger vocabulary than you do. You have to understand what that person is saying. What's more, in any language, even our own, we usually spend more time listening than we do speaking. You've got to understand what people are saying around you. What do they do in classrooms?

They try to force people to speak correctly. I read something recently about how anything that we cram will only stay in our short-term memory. Anything that we learn against the grain is only going to stay in our short-term memory. Things that we acquire through regular and enjoyable repetition is going to stay with us and that is why a language-learning method that is based on lots of listening and reading – I know I'm a bit repetitious on this – is going to stay with you. You're going to be able to revive and refresh those languages easily as I have done with my Italian, which I haven't touched for the longest time. Then a couple of weeks of listening and reading, talking a little bit with our tutors at LingQ and it comes back stronger than ever before. It's in there soundly because it's built up based on this very large passive vocabulary. There was a talk at TED that showed up on my YouTube channel, you know how they recommend things for you to watch.

Maybe I'll put a link here, but there was this linguistics person saying things which I considered simply to be untrue. He said the biggest obstacle people have in language learning is their fear of not being able to speak and the way around that is you don't need so many words, you just need a few key words and then you can speak. But you won't understand anything, that's an even worse situation. To me, the biggest fear I have is not understanding what people are saying to me. I mean there's no question that when you speak you are going to struggle, stumble.

It's embarrassing. You can't say what you want. All of those things for sure, but if you at least understand what the person is saying, if you have a large passive vocabulary, you're going to do better. You're going to understand better and now you have some time with less pressure to try and use, try to activate, some of your passive vocabulary and the passive vocabulary does get activated as long as you speak. At some point you have to speak. However, it is amazing how much you can learn just through a very consistent program of listening and reading. Someone asked as well here, do I listen repeatedly or repetitively to the same material or do I read or listen more extensively in order to acquire a large vocabulary?

Well, initially, in order to become familiar with the language you have to listen to the same limited material over and over because you can't even, at first, tell where one word begins and the next word ends. You have to get your brain used to the language, but within a month or two I move on to extensive because I want to cover lots of vocabulary with a system like LingQ. I hate to always refer to LingQ, but it's possible to deal with text that has 30-40% unknown words, so I very definitely move in to a more extensive pattern of listening and reading with the goal of building up my passive vocabulary.

That's why at LingQ the number one metric, the easiest thing to measure, is the passive vocabulary. How many words can you more or less recognize when you see them or hear them in a given context, even helped by the context? It doesn't matter because all these words you're going to see again and again. If they matter to you, if they're important, they'll come up again and again. If you are listening and reading in an extensive way they'll keep coming up. You'll see them in different contexts and you'll gradually get a better sense of what they mean. You don't have to nail it down the first time you come up against it.

When you are ready to speak and when you speak more and more these words will activate naturally as you speak. I will do a separate video on the kinds of things you can do to help activate your passive vocabulary to help yourself prepare for speaking. The idea that as you start into a language you're going to try to speak the language to me is simply nonsense from a language-learning efficiency point of view. It may be what people want to do, I have no doubt about that, but most people are quite unsuccessful at language learning. When you, basically, don't understand what the person is saying you aren't going to have a very meaningful conversation. If we look at motivation in language learning, I grant you that people are motivated differently.

Some people simply have the motivation to be able to say hello and give the impression that they speak the language, in which case to focus on a few key sentences and phrases to be able to trot them out is probably quite useful. However, if the goal is to be able to participate comfortably in conversations or if you're in the workplace, again, you have to understand what people are saying. If the goal is to gain that kind of comprehension then you have to focus on your passive vocabulary. Now, I'm not saying you have to know every word in the dictionary, but you need a substantial vocabulary and it doesn't matter whether you only count words as word families or whether you count every occurrence of the word the way we do at LingQ.

It doesn't matter. It's arbitrary. Pursuing this passive vocabulary, I compare it to the mechanical rabbit that the dogs chase in dog races. It's something that you pursue in order to build up that familiarity with the language, to expose yourself to the language to build up your passive vocabulary. You know I saw a video on how to motivate people because, obviously, motivation in language learning is extremely important.

There was a study done that showed that insofar as motivating people to do tasks, for very simple basic tasks the more money you give them, the more motivated they will be to do it. Move this pile of stones over there as quickly as you can and the fastest person will get the most money. Then that will work. However, if you're dealing with more challenging tasks that involve concepts and thinking and creativity and so forth, the researched showed that giving more money, in fact, is counterproductive. There are three things that people are looking for in these kinds of challenging tasks and I would include language learning amongst them.

Number one is independence in the workplace. People want to have the feeling that they control their workplace and that they do things they want to do, number one. Number two is what's called mastery, the sense that the challenge is something you can cope with it's just a little bit difficult for you, that as you're doing it you're developing new skills. You're becoming more powerful in terms of your abilities. You're achieving this mastery over a set of skills, a task and so forth. So the first one was independence, the second one was mastery and the third one was purpose.

People like to do jobs they think are meaningful that serve a useful purpose. So if you can give an employee the sense that they are independent, that they can achieve mastery over the requirements of the job and that the job that they're doing is important and useful, then that person will perform better than someone who you just simply reward with money. Now, how does this relate back to language learning?

Typically, people say well you have to learn English because you need it for your job. That's a bit like giving them money. On the other hand, if you can devise a language-learning approach that allows you to learn from things that are of interest to you. So you're not forced to study a specific curriculum. You're not forced to learn parts of speech in the order that the teachers choose to give them to you. I, personally, don't like that approach.

I like to pursue the language on my own. I learn those aspects of grammar that interest me when they interest me, when I come across them, when I have questions about them. I study things that are of interest to me, so I have that sense of independence in my language learning. The second thing is mastery.

If at a very early stage you are confronted with the task of getting your conjugations right, getting your declensions right and trying to find words and not understanding what the person is saying, all of this is frustrating, unless you're in a situation where you don't have that independence and the teacher is just drilling you and you're just a robot responding to these prompts. But if you want to be independent and then you want to achieve that sense of mastery, it is easier, in fact, to achieve that sense of mastery by doing a lot of listening and reading and watching your comprehension grow. You're never confronted with frustration.

It's a little bit foggy at first then, gradually, following things that you have selected that are of interest to you it becomes clearer and you have that sense of achieving a higher and higher degree of comprehension, which is tremendously satisfying. And for most people, who don't live where the language is spoken, it's also quite easy to arrange. The third issue is purpose.

Obviously, you have to want to learn that language. If you are not interested in learning the language, again, you won't have that sense of purpose. But if you are interested in learning the language for whatever reason, which could include for your job, but might be because of a partner, wife, husband, friend, interest in literature, culture, history, whatever it might be. So if you have that purpose, if you have an independent approach to your learning and if you have a sense that you are gradually increasing your mastery, these three things are going to keep you motivated. So those three elements, I guess for the person who is largely motivated to get into that active vocabulary early, could also apply.

I just feel in my experience that you will never be in a situation where your active vocabulary exceeds your passive vocabulary. You will always be in a position where your passive vocabulary exceeds your active vocabulary. Now, there could be situations where you have this passive vocabulary. It's so passive and your listening skills are so poor that you don't understand it when someone uses the word in speech; although, you may be able to understand that if you read it. I mean there are people who read very well and can't speak, but people who understand very well and not just vaguely what it's all about, but who genuinely understand clearly what's being said when the language is spoken, people who understand that well and who have that kind of a passive grasp on the language are going to speak well.

If they don't speak well yet it's because they haven't spoken enough. But if they decide to go and speak with that kind of a grasp of the language based on passive vocabulary, they will very quickly become good active users of the language. So, a bit of a long rant here on this whole issue of active and passive vocabulary.

Thank you for listening, bye for now.

Learn languages from TV shows, movies, news, articles and more! Try LingQ for FREE

Active and passive vocabulary ||pasiva| Aktiver und passiver Wortschatz Vocabulario activo y pasivo Vocabulaire actif et passif Vocabolario attivo e passivo 能動態と受動態の語彙 능동 및 피동 어휘 Vocabulário ativo e passivo Активная и пассивная лексика Aktif ve pasif kelime dağarcığı Активний та пасивний словниковий запас 主动和被动词汇 主動和被動詞彙

Hi there. Hola. こんにちは。 Dobrý deň.

Steve Kaufmann here, talking to all of you who want to learn languages. Steve|||||||||||| ここでスティーブカウフマンは、言語を学びたいすべての人と話しています。 Steve Kaufmann está aqui, a falar para todos os que querem aprender línguas. Steve Kaufmann sa prihovára všetkým, ktorí sa chcú učiť jazyky. I’m very happy to share with you my experience, my views, and I think my views should count for something because I have learned 12 languages to varying degrees, I have another two that I’m working on, yet my views I think are very much in the minority. ||||share|||||||||||||||||||||||levels|||||||||yet|||||||||the| ||||||||||||||||devem|contam||||||||||graus|||||||||ainda|||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||menšina ||||||||||||||||||||||||||不同的||||||||||||||||||||少数民族 ||||||||||думки|||||||мати значення|для|щось|тому що|||||до|різних||||||||||||||||||||меншина ||||||||||||||||||||||||||různých|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||diferentes||||||||||||||||||||minoría Estoy encantado de compartir con ustedes mi experiencia, mis puntos de vista, y creo que mis puntos de vista deberían contar para algo porque he aprendido 12 idiomas en diversos grados, tengo otros dos en los que estoy trabajando, aunque mis puntos de vista creo que son muy minoritarios. Tenho muito gosto em partilhar convosco a minha experiência, os meus pontos de vista, e penso que os meus pontos de vista devem contar para alguma coisa, porque aprendi 12 línguas em graus variados, tenho outras duas em que estou a trabalhar, mas penso que os meus pontos de vista são muito minoritários. Veľmi rád sa s vami podelím o svoje skúsenosti, názory a myslím si, že moje názory by mali mať nejakú váhu, pretože som sa naučil 12 jazykov v rôznej miere, na ďalších dvoch pracujem, ale myslím si, že moje názory sú v menšine. Okay? Está bem? I’m going to talk today about active and passive vocabulary and I’m going to say that there is far too much emphasis placed, both in terms of how we teach languages and the things that people worry about when they learn languages. |||||||||||||||||||||уделяется слишком много внимания|||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||vocabulary|||||||||||||||||||||||||that||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||línguas||||que||||||| ||||||||||||||||||príliš||||||||||||||||||obávajú||||| ||||||||||||||||||занадто|||емphasis|розміщений||||||||||||||турбуватися||||| |||hablar|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| I'm going to talk today about active and passive vocabulary and I'm going to say that there is far too much emphasis placed, both in terms of how we teach languages and the things that people worry about when they learn languages. Hoy voy a hablar del vocabulario activo y pasivo y voy a decir que se hace demasiado hincapié, tanto en la forma de enseñar idiomas como en las cosas que preocupan a la gente cuando aprende idiomas. Vou falar hoje sobre o vocabulário ativo e passivo e vou dizer que há demasiada ênfase, tanto em termos da forma como ensinamos as línguas como das coisas com que as pessoas se preocupam quando aprendem línguas. Dnes budem hovoriť o aktívnej a pasívnej slovnej zásobe a chcem povedať, že sa kladie príliš veľký dôraz na to, ako učíme jazyky, aj na to, čoho sa ľudia pri učení jazykov obávajú. There’s too much emphasis on active vocabulary. |||dôraz||| ||||sobre|| |||акцент||| Dá-se demasiada importância ao vocabulário ativo. Príliš veľký dôraz sa kladie na aktívnu slovnú zásobu.

It’s this old question of developing an ability to speak or, rather, focusing on building up your understanding of the language. |||||||||||más bien||||||||| |||||||||||скоріше аніж||||||||| |||questão||||||||||||||||| Es la vieja cuestión de desarrollar la capacidad de hablar o, más bien, centrarse en mejorar la comprensión de la lengua. É a velha questão de desenvolver a capacidade de falar ou, pelo contrário, de se concentrar na compreensão da língua. Je to stará otázka rozvíjania schopnosti hovoriť alebo skôr zamerania sa na budovanie porozumenia jazyka. It is impossible to be fluent if you can’t understand. Es imposible hablar con fluidez si no se entiende. Nie je možné hovoriť plynule, ak nerozumiete. It is impossible to claim that you are at some level. ||impossible|||||||| ||||утверждать|||||| ||||стверджувати|||||| ||||afirmar|que||||| ||||afirmar|||||| Es imposible afirmar que se está a un cierto nivel. É impossível afirmar que se está num determinado nível. Nie je možné tvrdiť, že ste na určitej úrovni. They have all these numbers B-1, B-2, C-1. ||||номери||| Têm todos estes números B-1, B-2, C-1. Majú všetky tieto čísla B-1, B-2, C-1. Whatever you claim, you can’t claim that you speak at that level if you don’t understand at a much higher level because the native speaker with whom you’re going to speak is always going to have a bigger vocabulary than you do. čokoľvek||||||||||||||||||||||||||s kým||||||||||||||| ||tvrdíš||||||||||||||||||||||||s kým||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||<interlocutor>|||||||||||||maior|||| lo que sea||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Digas lo que digas, no puedes afirmar que hablas a ese nivel si no entiendes a un nivel mucho más alto, porque el hablante nativo con el que vas a hablar siempre va a tener un vocabulario más amplio que el tuyo. Nech tvrdíte čokoľvek, nemôžete tvrdiť, že hovoríte na tejto úrovni, ak nerozumiete na oveľa vyššej úrovni, pretože rodený hovorca, s ktorým budete hovoriť, bude mať vždy väčšiu slovnú zásobu ako vy. You have to understand what that person is saying. Hay que entender lo que dice esa persona. É preciso compreender o que a pessoa está a dizer. Musíte pochopiť, čo ten človek hovorí. What’s more, in any language, even our own, we usually spend more time listening than we do speaking. |||||até||própria|||||||||| Además, en cualquier lengua, incluso en la nuestra, solemos pasar más tiempo escuchando que hablando. Além disso, em qualquer língua, mesmo na nossa, normalmente passamos mais tempo a ouvir do que a falar. Navyše, v každom jazyku, dokonca aj v našom, zvyčajne trávime viac času počúvaním ako hovorením. You’ve got to understand what people are saying around you. Tienes que entender lo que dice la gente a tu alrededor. Temos de perceber o que as pessoas dizem à nossa volta. Musíte rozumieť tomu, čo hovoria ľudia okolo vás. What do they do in classrooms? |||||učebniach ¿Qué hacen en las aulas? O que é que eles fazem nas salas de aula? Čo robia v triedach?

They try to force people to speak correctly. ||||le persone||| Intentan obligar a la gente a hablar correctamente. Tentam obrigar as pessoas a falar corretamente. Snažia sa prinútiť ľudí, aby hovorili správne. I read something recently about how anything that we cram will only stay in our short-term memory. |||||||||запихиваем|||||||| |||||||||hineinpauken|||||||| |||nedávno||||||nacpeme|||||||| |||||||||wkuwamy|||||||| |||недавно||||||запихати|буде|||||короткочасний|термін| |||||||||nacpeme|||||||| |||||||||meter a presión|||||||memoria a corto plazo| لقد قرأت مؤخرًا شيئًا عن كيف أن أي شيء نحشوه سيبقى في ذاكرتنا قصيرة المدى فقط. Hace poco leí algo sobre cómo cualquier cosa que memoricemos sólo permanecerá en nuestra memoria a corto plazo. Czytałem ostatnio coś o tym, że wszystko, co wkuwamy, pozostaje tylko w naszej pamięci krótkotrwałej. Li recentemente qualquer coisa sobre o facto de que tudo o que acumulamos só fica na nossa memória a curto prazo. Nedávno som čítal niečo o tom, že všetko, čo si zapamätáme, zostane len v našej krátkodobej pamäti. Anything that we learn against the grain is only going to stay in our short-term memory. ||||||трудности|||||||||| ||||||Widerstand|||||||||| ||||proti||súlade|||||||||| |||вчимо||the|протилежно||||||||короткочасний|термін|пам'ять ||||||zrno|||||||||| ||||||en contra|||||||||| أي شيء نتعلمه ضد التيار سيبقى في ذاكرتنا قصيرة المدى. Todo lo que aprendamos a contrapelo sólo permanecerá en nuestra memoria a corto plazo. Tudo o que aprendemos a contragosto só vai ficar na nossa memória de curto prazo. Všetko, čo sa naučíme v rozpore s pravidlami, zostane len v našej krátkodobej pamäti. Things that we acquire through regular and enjoyable repetition is going to stay with us and that is why a language-learning method that is based on lots of listening and reading – I know I’m a bit repetitious on this – is going to stay with you. |||приобретаем||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||постоянный|||||||| ||||através|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||repetitiva|||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||petitiv|||||||| 우리가||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| veci|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||petitívne|||||||| |||набирати||регулярних|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||petitivní|||||||| ||||a través de||||repetición||||se quedará|||||||||||||||||||||||||repetitivo|||||||| Las cosas que adquirimos a través de la repetición regular y agradable se quedan con nosotros y por eso un método de aprendizaje de idiomas que se basa en escuchar y leer mucho - sé que soy un poco repetitivo en esto - se va a quedar contigo. As coisas que adquirimos através da repetição regular e agradável vão ficar connosco e é por isso que um método de aprendizagem de línguas que se baseia em muita audição e leitura - eu sei que estou a ser um pouco repetitivo nisto - vai ficar consigo. Veci, ktoré si osvojíme pravidelným a príjemným opakovaním, nám zostanú, a preto metóda učenia sa jazyka, ktorá je založená na častom počúvaní a čítaní - viem, že sa v tomto smere trochu opakujem - vám zostane. You’re going to be able to revive and refresh those languages easily as I have done with my Italian, which I haven’t touched for the longest time. ||||||oživiť|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||восстановить|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||ożywić|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||відновити||оновити|||||||||||||||||найдовший| |vas|||capaz de||revivir||refrescar|||||||||||||||||| Vas a poder revivir y refrescar esos idiomas fácilmente, como yo he hecho con mi italiano, que no toco desde hace mucho tiempo. Poderá reavivar e atualizar essas línguas facilmente, como fiz com o meu italiano, que não toco há muito tempo. Tieto jazyky si budete môcť ľahko oživiť a osviežiť, ako som to urobil ja so svojou taliančinou, ktorej som sa už dlho nedotkol. Then a couple of weeks of listening and reading, talking a little bit with our tutors at LingQ and it comes back stronger than ever before. |||||||||||||||lektorov|||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||volta||||| |||||||||||||||tutores|||||||||| Después, un par de semanas escuchando y leyendo, hablando un poco con nuestros tutores de LingQ y vuelve con más fuerza que nunca. Depois de algumas semanas a ouvir e a ler, a falar um pouco com os nossos tutores no LingQ, a língua volta mais forte do que nunca. Potom pár týždňov počúvania a čítania, trochu rozprávania s našimi lektormi v LingQ a vráti sa to silnejšie ako kedykoľvek predtým. It’s in there soundly because it’s built up based on this very large passive vocabulary. |||надежно||||||||||| |||sicher||||||||||| |||pevne||||||||||| |||sólidamente||||||||||| |||міцно||||||||||| |||solidnie||||||||||| Está ahí sólidamente porque se construye en base a este vocabulario pasivo tan amplio. Está lá bem porque é construído com base neste vocabulário passivo muito vasto. Je v ňom pevne zakotvená, pretože je vytvorená na základe tejto veľmi rozsiahlej pasívnej slovnej zásoby. There was a talk at TED that showed up on my YouTube channel, you know how they recommend things for you to watch. |||||TED||||||||||||||||| |||||||se objevila||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||recomendam||||| |||||TED конференція||||||||||||||||| Houve uma palestra no TED que apareceu no meu canal do YouTube, sabe como é que eles recomendam coisas para ver. Na mojom kanáli YouTube sa objavila prednáška z TED-u, viete, ako vám odporúčajú veci, ktoré si máte pozrieť.

Maybe I’ll put a link here, but there was this linguistics person saying things which I considered simply to be untrue. ||||||||||||||||||||неправда |eu||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||unwahr ||||||||||||||||||||nepravdivé ||||||||||лінгвістика|людина||||||||бути|неправда ||||||||||||||||||||Falso ربما سأضع رابطًا هنا، ولكن كان هناك عالم لغويات يقول أشياء اعتبرتها ببساطة غير صحيحة. Talvez eu coloque um link aqui, mas havia uma pessoa da linguística que dizia coisas que eu considerava simplesmente falsas. Možno sem dám odkaz, ale jeden lingvista tam hovoril veci, ktoré som považoval za nepravdivé. He said the biggest obstacle people have in language learning is their fear of not being able to speak and the way around that is you don’t need so many words, you just need a few key words and then you can speak. ||||prekážka|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||в навколишньому середовищі|||||||||||||||||||| Ele disse que o maior obstáculo que as pessoas têm na aprendizagem de línguas é o medo de não serem capazes de falar e que a forma de contornar isso é não precisar de tantas palavras, só precisa de algumas palavras-chave e depois pode falar. Povedal, že najväčšou prekážkou pri učení sa jazykov je strach z toho, že ľudia nebudú vedieť hovoriť, a že na to nepotrebujete toľko slov, stačí vám niekoľko kľúčových slov a potom môžete hovoriť. But you won’t understand anything, that’s an even worse situation. ||||||||гірша| Mas não entenderá nada, o que é uma situação ainda pior. Ale ničomu nebudete rozumieť, to je ešte horšia situácia. To me, the biggest fear I have is not understanding what people are saying to me. Najväčší strach mám z toho, že nerozumiem, čo mi ľudia hovoria. I mean there’s no question that when you speak you are going to struggle, stumble. |||||||||||||бороться|споткнуться |||||||||||vai||lutar| ||||||||||||||stolpern |||||||||||||zabrániť|zakopnúť |||||||||||||боротися|спотикатися ||||||||||||||zakopnout ||||||||||||||tropiezo أعني أنه ليس هناك شك في أنه عندما تتحدث فإنك سوف تكافح وتتعثر. Não há dúvida de que, quando falamos, vamos ter dificuldades, tropeçar. Je nepochybné, že keď hovoríte, budete mať problémy, budete sa potkýnať.

It’s embarrassing. |nepríjemné |соромно |Es vergonzoso. É embaraçoso. You can’t say what you want. Não se pode dizer o que se quer. Nemôžete povedať, čo chcete. All of those things for sure, but if you at least understand what the person is saying, if you have a large passive vocabulary, you’re going to do better. |||||||||||||||||||||великий||||||| Tudo isso, sem dúvida, mas se pelo menos entender o que a pessoa está a dizer, se tiver um grande vocabulário passivo, vai sair-se melhor. Určite všetky tieto veci, ale ak aspoň rozumiete tomu, čo človek hovorí, ak máte veľkú pasívnu slovnú zásobu, pôjde vám to lepšie. You’re going to understand better and now you have some time with less pressure to try and use, try to activate, some of your passive vocabulary and the passive vocabulary does get activated as long as you speak. |idete|||||||||||||||||||aktivovať||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||aktivovat||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||спробувати||активувати|||||||||||активується||||як||говорити ||||||||||||menos||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||activar||||||||||||activado||||| Vai compreender melhor e agora tem algum tempo com menos pressão para tentar usar, tentar ativar, algum do seu vocabulário passivo e o vocabulário passivo é ativado enquanto fala. Budete lepšie rozumieť a teraz budete mať čas s menším tlakom, aby ste sa pokúsili použiť, aktivovať časť svojej pasívnej slovnej zásoby a pasívna slovná zásoba sa aktivuje, pokiaľ hovoríte. At some point you have to speak. |деякий||||| A dada altura, há que falar. V určitom okamihu musíte prehovoriť. However, it is amazing how much you can learn just through a very consistent program of listening and reading. |||вражаюче||||||||||послідовний||||| Je však úžasné, koľko sa toho môžete naučiť len vďaka dôslednému počúvaniu a čítaniu. Someone asked as well here, do I listen repeatedly or repetitively to the same material or do I read or listen more extensively in order to acquire a large vocabulary? ||||||||||repetitívne||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||повторно||повторно||||||||||||шире||||приобрести||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||ordem||||| ||||||||repetidamente||repetitivamente||||||||||||||||||| |||також|||||неодноразово||постійно||||||||||||широко||||||| Alguém perguntou também aqui: ouço repetidamente ou repetidamente o mesmo material ou leio ou ouço mais extensivamente para adquirir um grande vocabulário? Niekto sa tu tiež pýtal, či mám opakovane alebo opakovane počúvať ten istý materiál, alebo mám čítať či počúvať intenzívnejšie, aby som si osvojil veľkú slovnú zásobu?

Well, initially, in order to become familiar with the language you have to listen to the same limited material over and over because you can’t even, at first, tell where one word begins and the next word ends. ||||||oboznámiť||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |сначала|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||repetidamente|||||||||||||||||| Bem, inicialmente, para nos familiarizarmos com a língua, temos de ouvir o mesmo material limitado vezes sem conta porque, no início, nem sequer conseguimos saber onde começa uma palavra e acaba a seguinte. No, spočiatku, aby ste sa oboznámili s jazykom, musíte počúvať stále ten istý obmedzený materiál, pretože spočiatku ani nedokážete povedať, kde sa začína jedno slovo a kde sa končí ďalšie. You have to get your brain used to the language, but within a month or two I move on to extensive because I want to cover lots of vocabulary with a system like LingQ. |||||||||||||||||||||||||pokryť|||||||| |||||||||||в межах||||||перейду на|на||широке використання|||||покрити|||||||| É preciso habituar o cérebro à língua, mas, no espaço de um mês ou dois, passo para o sistema extensivo, porque quero abranger muito vocabulário com um sistema como o LingQ. Musíte si na jazyk zvyknúť, ale do mesiaca alebo dvoch prejdem na rozsiahly, pretože chcem obsiahnuť veľa slovnej zásoby pomocou systému, ako je LingQ. I hate to always refer to LingQ, but it’s possible to deal with text that has 30-40% unknown words, so I very definitely move in to a more extensive pattern of listening and reading with the goal of building up my passive vocabulary. ||||odkazovat|||||||||||||||||určitě||||||rozsáhlejším|||||||||||||| ||||odkazovať||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||перехожу||до|||широкий|шаблон||||||||||||| ||||ссылаться||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Detesto estar sempre a referir-me ao LingQ, mas é possível lidar com textos que têm 30-40% de palavras desconhecidas, por isso, passo definitivamente para um padrão mais extenso de audição e leitura com o objetivo de construir o meu vocabulário passivo. Nerada sa stále odvolávam na LingQ, ale je možné sa vysporiadať s textom, ktorý má 30-40 % neznámych slov, takže veľmi určite prejdem na rozsiahlejší model počúvania a čítania s cieľom budovať si pasívnu slovnú zásobu.

That’s why at LingQ the number one metric, the easiest thing to measure, is the passive vocabulary. |||||||metrika||||||||| |||||||wskaźnik||||||||| |||||||метрика||||||||| لهذا السبب فإن المقياس الأول في LingQ، وأسهل شيء يمكن قياسه، هو المفردات السلبية. É por isso que no LingQ a métrica número um, a coisa mais fácil de medir, é o vocabulário passivo. Preto je v spoločnosti LingQ metrikou číslo jeden, najľahšie merateľnou, pasívna slovná zásoba. How many words can you more or less recognize when you see them or hear them in a given context, even helped by the context? ||||||||rozpoznať|||||||||||||||| Quantas palavras consegue reconhecer mais ou menos quando as vê ou ouve num determinado contexto, mesmo com a ajuda do contexto? Koľko slov dokážete viac-menej rozpoznať, keď ich vidíte alebo počujete v danom kontexte, dokonca vám v tom pomôže kontext? It doesn’t matter because all these words you’re going to see again and again. Não importa, porque todas estas palavras vão ser repetidas vezes. Na tom nezáleží, pretože všetky tieto slová uvidíte znova a znova. If they matter to you, if they’re important, they’ll come up again and again. |||||||||objeví|||| |||||||||прийдуть|вгору||| ||importarem||||||||||| Se são importantes para si, se são importantes, vão aparecer repetidamente. Ak vám na nich záleží, ak sú dôležité, budú sa objavovať znova a znova. If you are listening and reading in an extensive way they’ll keep coming up. ||||||||обширном||||| Se estiver a ouvir e a ler de uma forma extensiva, eles continuarão a aparecer. Ak počúvate a čítate extenzívnym spôsobom, budú sa neustále objavovať. You’ll see them in different contexts and you’ll gradually get a better sense of what they mean. ||||||||postupne|||||||| ||||||||постепенно|||||||| Verá os nomes em diferentes contextos e, a pouco e pouco, ficará a perceber melhor o seu significado. Uvidíte ich v rôznych kontextoch a postupne lepšie pochopíte, čo znamenajú. You don’t have to nail it down the first time you come up against it. ||||закрепить|||||||||| ||||fixar|||||||||| ||||zvládnuť|||||||||| |||||||||||прийдеш||| ||||zvládnout||přibít|||||||| ||||clavar||clavarlo|||||||| Não é preciso acertar na primeira vez que se depara com ela. Nemusíte sa k nemu dostať hneď pri prvom stretnutí.

When you are ready to speak and when you speak more and more these words will activate naturally as you speak. Quando estiveres pronto para falar e quando falares cada vez mais, estas palavras serão activadas naturalmente à medida que falas. Keď budete pripravení hovoriť a keď budete hovoriť viac a viac, tieto slová sa budú aktivovať prirodzene, keď budete hovoriť. I will do a separate video on the kinds of things you can do to help activate your passive vocabulary to help yourself prepare for speaking. ||||окремий||||||||||||активувати|||||||підготувати|| Farei um vídeo separado sobre o tipo de coisas que pode fazer para ajudar a ativar o seu vocabulário passivo, para se preparar para falar. O tom, ako si môžete aktivovať pasívnu slovnú zásobu a pripraviť sa tak na rozprávanie, pripravím samostatné video. The idea that as you start into a language you’re going to try to speak the language to me is simply nonsense from a language-learning efficiency point of view. |||||||||||||||||||||nonsens||||||hľadiska|z hľadiska|hľadiska |||||||||||||||||||||ерунда|||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||нісенітниця|||||ефективності|точка|| A ideia de que, quando se começa a aprender uma língua, se vai tentar falar a língua comigo é simplesmente absurda do ponto de vista da eficiência da aprendizagem de línguas. Myšlienka, že keď začínate s jazykom, budete sa snažiť hovoriť jazykom pre mňa, je z hľadiska efektívnosti učenia sa jazyka jednoducho nezmysel. It may be what people want to do, I have no doubt about that, but most people are quite unsuccessful at language learning. |||||||||||||||||||neúspešní||| |||||||||||сомнения||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||неуспішні||| |||||||||||||||||||poco exitosos||| Pode ser o que as pessoas querem fazer, não tenho dúvidas disso, mas a maioria das pessoas não tem sucesso na aprendizagem de línguas. Možno to ľudia chcú, o tom nepochybujem, ale väčšina ľudí je pri učení sa jazykov dosť neúspešná. When you, basically, don’t understand what the person is saying you aren’t going to have a very meaningful conversation. |||||||||||||||||smysluplný| |||||||||||||||||значущою| Quando, basicamente, não se compreende o que a pessoa está a dizer, não se vai ter uma conversa muito significativa. Keď v podstate nerozumiete tomu, čo vám dotyčný hovorí, nebudete viesť veľmi zmysluplnú konverzáciu. If we look at motivation in language learning, I grant you that people are motivated differently. |||||||||признаю|||||| |||||||||concedo|||||| ||||||||ich gebe zu|gebe|||||| |||||||||priznávam|||||| |||||||||дозволяю||||||по-різному |||||||||přiznávám|||||| |||||||||concedo|||||| إذا نظرنا إلى الدافع في تعلم اللغة، فأنا أضمن لك أن الناس لديهم دوافع مختلفة. Se olharmos para a motivação na aprendizagem de línguas, admito que as pessoas têm motivações diferentes. Ak sa pozrieme na motiváciu pri učení sa jazykov, uznávam, že ľudia sú motivovaní rôzne.

Some people simply have the motivation to be able to say hello and give the impression that they speak the language, in which case to focus on a few key sentences and phrases to be able to trot them out is probably quite useful. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||пробежать|||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||algumas|chave|||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||herunterleiern|||||| |||||||||||||||dojem||||||||||||||||||||||trotit|||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||tłumaczyć|||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||зосередитися||||ключові|фрази||фрази|||||використовувати на практиці|їхніми фразами|||||корисний |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||trotit|||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||poder||soltar rápidamente||fuera|||| لدى بعض الأشخاص ببساطة الدافع ليكونوا قادرين على إلقاء التحية وإعطاء الانطباع بأنهم يتحدثون اللغة، وفي هذه الحالة قد يكون التركيز على بعض الجمل والعبارات الرئيسية لتكون قادرًا على نطقها مفيدًا جدًا. Algumas pessoas têm simplesmente a motivação de poder dizer olá e dar a impressão de que falam a língua, caso em que concentrar-se nalgumas frases e expressões-chave para as poder dizer é provavelmente bastante útil. Niektorí ľudia majú jednoducho motiváciu vedieť pozdraviť a vzbudiť dojem, že hovoria týmto jazykom, a v takom prípade je pravdepodobne celkom užitočné zamerať sa na niekoľko kľúčových viet a fráz, aby ich vedeli povedať. However, if the goal is to be able to participate comfortably in conversations or if you’re in the workplace, again, you have to understand what people are saying. ||||||||||pohodlne||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||місце роботи||||||||| no entanto|||objetivo|||||||||||||||||||||||| ومع ذلك، إذا كان الهدف هو أن تكون قادرًا على المشاركة بشكل مريح في المحادثات أو إذا كنت في مكان العمل، فيجب عليك مرة أخرى أن تفهم ما يقوله الناس. No entanto, se o objetivo é poder participar confortavelmente em conversas ou se estiver no local de trabalho, mais uma vez, tem de compreender o que as pessoas estão a dizer. Ak je však vaším cieľom pohodlná účasť na rozhovoroch alebo ak ste na pracovisku, musíte opäť rozumieť tomu, čo ľudia hovoria. If the goal is to gain that kind of comprehension then you have to focus on your passive vocabulary. |||||||||porozumenie||||||||| |||||отримати||||||||||||| Jeśli celem jest uzyskanie tego rodzaju zrozumienia, musisz skupić się na słownictwie pasywnym. Se o objetivo é obter esse tipo de compreensão, então tem de se concentrar no seu vocabulário passivo. Ak je cieľom získať takýto druh porozumenia, musíte sa zamerať na pasívnu slovnú zásobu. Now, I’m not saying you have to know every word in the dictionary, but you need a substantial vocabulary and it doesn’t matter whether you only count words as word families or whether you count every occurrence of the word the way we do at LingQ. |||||||||||||||||существенный|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||importa||||||||||||||||||||||| teraz|||||||||||||||||značné|||||||||||||slovné rodiny|||||každé|slovný základ||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||ocurrencia||||||||| |||||||||||||||||значний|||||||||рахувати||||||||||випадок||||||||| |||||||||||||||||značné|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||znaczący|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| الآن، أنا لا أقول أنه يجب عليك معرفة كل كلمة في القاموس، ولكنك تحتاج إلى مفردات كبيرة ولا يهم ما إذا كنت تحسب الكلمات فقط كعائلات كلمات أو ما إذا كنت تحسب كل تكرار للكلمة بالطريقة التي نتبعها. في LingQ. Não estou a dizer que tem de conhecer todas as palavras do dicionário, mas precisa de um vocabulário substancial e não importa se conta apenas as palavras como famílias de palavras ou se conta todas as ocorrências da palavra como fazemos no LingQ. Netvrdím, že musíte poznať každé slovo v slovníku, ale potrebujete rozsiahlu slovnú zásobu a nezáleží na tom, či počítate slová len ako slovné druhy, alebo počítate každý výskyt slova tak, ako to robíme my v LingQ.

It doesn’t matter. Não importa. Na tom nezáleží. It’s arbitrary. |это произвольно |willkürlich |je to svojvoľné |to jest arbitralne |випадковий |Es arbitrario. إنه تعسفي. É arbitrário. Pursuing this passive vocabulary, I compare it to the mechanical rabbit that the dogs chase in dog races. преследуя||||||||||кролик||||||| ||||||||||||||perseguem||| ||||||||||||||jagen||| sledovaním||||||||||||||naháňajú|||pretekoch Переслідування|||||порівнювати||||механічний|кролик|||собаки|переслідувати|||перегони Persiguiendo||||||||||||||||| في متابعة هذه المفردات السلبية، أقارنها بالأرنب الميكانيكي الذي تطارده الكلاب في سباقات الكلاب. Prosseguindo com este vocabulário passivo, comparo-o ao coelho mecânico que os cães perseguem nas corridas de cães. Ak sa budem držať tohto pasívneho slovníka, prirovnám ho k mechanickému králikovi, za ktorým sa naháňajú psy na psích pretekoch. It’s something that you pursue in order to build up that familiarity with the language, to expose yourself to the language to build up your passive vocabulary. |||||||||||знание||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||se expor||||||||| ||||прагнути|||||вгору||знайомство||||||||||||||| É algo que se persegue para construir essa familiaridade com a língua, para nos expormos à língua e para construirmos o nosso vocabulário passivo. Je to niečo, čomu sa venujete, aby ste si vybudovali znalosť jazyka, aby ste sa oboznámili s jazykom a rozšírili si pasívnu slovnú zásobu. You know I saw a video on how to motivate people because, obviously, motivation in language learning is extremely important. |||||||||мотивувати|||||||||| Vi um vídeo sobre como motivar as pessoas porque, obviamente, a motivação na aprendizagem de línguas é extremamente importante. Videla som video o tom, ako motivovať ľudí, pretože motivácia pri učení sa jazykov je zjavne mimoriadne dôležitá.

There was a study done that showed that insofar as motivating people to do tasks, for very simple basic tasks the more money you give them, the more motivated they will be to do it. ||||||ukázala||pokiaľ|||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||насколько|||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||en cuanto a|||||||||||||||||||||||||| |foi||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||як||||робити||||||||||||||||||||| Foi efectuado um estudo que demonstrou que, no que diz respeito à motivação das pessoas para realizar tarefas, para tarefas básicas muito simples, quanto mais dinheiro lhes dermos, mais motivadas estarão para as realizar. Bola vykonaná štúdia, ktorá ukázala, že pokiaľ ide o motiváciu ľudí k plneniu úloh, pri veľmi jednoduchých základných úlohách platí, že čím viac peňazí im dáte, tým viac budú motivovaní ich plniť. Move this pile of stones over there as quickly as you can and the fastest person will get the most money. ||hromadu|z|kameňov||||rýchlo|||||||||||| ||кучу|||||||||||||||||| Перемісти||купка||каміння||||||||||найшвидший|||||| Move esta pilha de pedras para ali o mais rapidamente possível e a pessoa mais rápida receberá mais dinheiro. Presuňte túto hromadu kameňov tam čo najrýchlejšie a najrýchlejší dostane najviac peňazí. Then that will work. Então, isso funcionará. Potom to bude fungovať. However, if you’re dealing with more challenging tasks that involve concepts and thinking and creativity and so forth, the researched showed that giving more money, in fact, is counterproductive. однако||||||||||||||||||||||||||||контрпродуктивно ||||||||||||||||||||showed|||||||| no entanto|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||sa zaoberáš|||||||||||||||||||||||||neefektívne ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||nieproduktywne ||||||||що|включають концепції|||мислення||креативність|||||дослідження|показало||||||||контрпродуктивно ||||||||||||||creatividad||||||||||||||Contraproducente ومع ذلك، إذا كنت تتعامل مع مهام أكثر تحديًا تتضمن المفاهيم والتفكير والإبداع وما إلى ذلك، فقد أظهر البحث أن إعطاء المزيد من المال، في الواقع، يؤدي إلى نتائج عكسية. No entanto, quando se trata de tarefas mais exigentes, que envolvem conceitos, pensamento e criatividade, etc., os estudos demonstraram que dar mais dinheiro é, de facto, contraproducente. Ak však riešite náročnejšie úlohy, ktoré zahŕňajú koncepty, myslenie, kreativitu a podobne, výskum ukázal, že dávať viac peňazí je v skutočnosti kontraproduktívne. There are three things that people are looking for in these kinds of challenging tasks and I would include language learning amongst them. ||tri|||||||||||náročné||||||||medzi| |||||||||||||||||||||среди| |||||||||||||||||||||entre|elas ||||||||||||||||||включати|||| Ľudia pri takýchto náročných úlohách hľadajú tri veci a ja by som medzi ne zaradil aj učenie sa jazykov.

Number one is independence in the workplace. |||незалежність||| Prvou je nezávislosť na pracovisku. People want to have the feeling that they control their workplace and that they do things they want to do, number one. |||||||||seu (deles/delas)|||||||||||| Ľudia chcú mať pocit, že majú svoje pracovisko pod kontrolou a že robia veci, ktoré chcú robiť, to je prvoradé. Number two is what’s called mastery, the sense that the challenge is something you can cope with it’s just a little bit difficult for you, that as you’re doing it you’re developing new skills. ||||||||||výzva||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||мастерство||||||||||справиться|||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||é|||||||||||||||||||||| |||||Dominio||||||||||enfrentar|||||||||||||||||| |||||майстерність||відчуття|||виклик|||||справлятися|||||||||||||||||| الرقم الثاني هو ما يسمى بالإتقان، بمعنى أن التحدي هو شيء يمكنك التعامل معه ولكنه صعب بعض الشيء بالنسبة لك، وأنك أثناء قيامك بذلك تقوم بتطوير مهارات جديدة. Druhým je tzv. majstrovstvo, pocit, že výzvu zvládnete, len je pre vás trochu ťažšia, že si pri nej rozvíjate nové zručnosti. You’re becoming more powerful in terms of your abilities. |stávaš||||||| ||||||||можливості Z hľadiska svojich schopností sa stávate silnejšími. You’re achieving this mastery over a set of skills, a task and so forth. ||||||наборі навичок||||завдання||| |||dominio|||||||||| Dosahujete majstrovstvo v určitom súbore zručností, úloh a podobne. So the first one was independence, the second one was mastery and the third one was purpose. |||||независимость|||||||||||цель ||||||||||||||||propósito ||перший||||||||||||||мета Prvým bola nezávislosť, druhým majstrovstvo a tretím cieľ.

People like to do jobs they think are meaningful that serve a useful purpose. ||||||||meaningful||||| ||||||||||служать корисній меті||корисну мету|мета Ľudia radi vykonávajú prácu, ktorú považujú za zmysluplnú a ktorá slúži užitočnému účelu. So if you can give an employee the sense that they are independent, that they can achieve mastery over the requirements of the job and that the job that they’re doing is important and useful, then that person will perform better than someone who you just simply reward with money. ||||||||||||||||atingir||||||||||||||fazendo|||||||||||||||||recompensa|| ||||||працівник||відчуття||||||||||контролювати над||вимоги|||||||||||||||||||виконувати||||||||винагорода|| Ak teda dokážete dať zamestnancovi pocit, že je nezávislý, že dokáže zvládnuť požiadavky práce a že práca, ktorú vykonáva, je dôležitá a užitočná, potom bude pracovať lepšie ako ten, koho jednoducho odmeníte peniazmi. Now, how does this relate back to language learning? ||||пов'язувати|||| Ako to súvisí s učením sa jazykov?

Typically, people say well you have to learn English because you need it for your job. Зазвичай||||||||||||||| Ľudia zvyčajne hovoria, že sa musíte naučiť anglicky, pretože to potrebujete pre svoju prácu. That’s a bit like giving them money. Je to trochu ako dať im peniaze. On the other hand, if you can devise a language-learning approach that allows you to learn from things that are of interest to you. |||||||vymyslieť||||prístup||||||||||||| |||||||||||||permite||||||||||| |||||||opracować||||||||||||||||| |||||||idear||||||||||||||||| |||||||розробити||мова||||||||||||||| Na druhej strane, ak si dokážete vytvoriť taký prístup k učeniu sa jazyka, ktorý vám umožní učiť sa z vecí, ktoré vás zaujímajú. So you’re not forced to study a specific curriculum. |||||вчитися||конкретний навчальний план|навчальний план Takže nie ste nútení študovať konkrétny učebný plán. You’re not forced to learn parts of speech in the order that the teachers choose to give them to you. |||(1)|||||||||||||||| |||||||частини мови|||||||||||| Nie ste nútení učiť sa časti reči v poradí, v akom vám ich učitelia určia. I, personally, don’t like that approach. |||||prístup |||||подход Mne osobne sa tento prístup nepáči.

I like to pursue the language on my own. |||||мова||| ||para|seguir|||||por conta própria Rád sa venujem jazyku na vlastnú päsť. I learn those aspects of grammar that interest me when they interest me, when I come across them, when I have questions about them. ||||||||||||||||через||||||| ||||||||||||||||me deparo||||||| Tie aspekty gramatiky, ktoré ma zaujímajú, sa učím vtedy, keď ma zaujímajú, keď na ne narazím, keď mám o nich otázky. I study things that are of interest to me, so I have that sense of independence in my language learning. |||||||||||||відчуття|||||| ||||||interesse||||||||||||| Študujem veci, ktoré ma zaujímajú, takže mám pocit nezávislosti pri učení sa jazyka. The second thing is mastery. Druhou vecou je majstrovstvo.

If at a very early stage you are confronted with the task of getting your conjugations right, getting your declensions right and trying to find words and not understanding what the person is saying, all of this is frustrating, unless you’re in a situation where you don’t have that independence and the teacher is just drilling you and you’re just a robot responding to these prompts. ||||||||сталкиваетесь|||||||согласования||||склонения||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||долбление||||||||||подсказки |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||a menos que|||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Roboter|antworten||| |||||||||||||||časovanie|||||správne|||||||||||osoba||||||||||||||||||||||||vŕtanie||||||||||výzvy |||||||||||||||||||declinaciones||||||||||||||||||||a menos que||||||||||||||||práctica||||||||||indicaciones ||||||||зіткнувся|з||||||відмінювання||||відмінювання|||||||||||||||||||розчаровуючий|якщо не||||||||||||||||тренування||||||робот||||підказки |||||||||||||||odmian||||deklinacje|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| إذا واجهت في مرحلة مبكرة جدًا مهمة تصحيح تصريفاتك، وتصحيح تصريفاتك، ومحاولة العثور على كلمات وعدم فهم ما يقوله الشخص، فكل هذا محبط، إلا إذا كنت في موقف حيث ليس لديك هذا الاستقلال والمعلم يقوم فقط بتدريبك وأنت مجرد روبوت يستجيب لهذه المطالبات. Ak ste v ranom štádiu konfrontovaní s úlohou správne sa naučiť konjugácie, správne skloňovať a snažiť sa nájsť slová a nerozumieť tomu, čo človek hovorí, je to všetko frustrujúce, pokiaľ nie ste v situácii, keď nemáte takú nezávislosť a učiteľ vás len driluje a ste len robot, ktorý reaguje na tieto výzvy. But if you want to be independent and then you want to achieve that sense of mastery, it is easier, in fact, to achieve that sense of mastery by doing a lot of listening and reading and watching your comprehension grow. |||||||||ты||||||||||легче||||||||||||||||||||понимание текста|расти |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||compreensão|crescer Ale ak chcete byť nezávislí a chcete dosiahnuť pocit majstrovstva, je v skutočnosti jednoduchšie dosiahnuť tento pocit majstrovstva tým, že budete veľa počúvať a čítať a sledovať, ako vaše porozumenie rastie. You’re never confronted with frustration. ||зіткнувся||фрустрація أنت لا تواجه الإحباط أبدا. Nikdy nie ste konfrontovaní s frustráciou.

It’s a little bit foggy at first then, gradually, following things that you have selected that are of interest to you it becomes clearer and you have that sense of achieving a higher and higher degree of comprehension, which is tremendously satisfying. |||||||||||||||||||||||яснее|||||||достижения||более высокий|||степень понимания|||||тремительно| ||||||||||||||||||||||torna-se||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||ungemein| ||||hmlisto||||||||si|||||||||||jasnejšie|a||||||||||||||||tremendously| ||||nebuloso||||||||||seleccionado||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||туманно||||||||||обрані вами|||||||||||||||||||||ступінь|||||надзвичайно|задовільним ||||mglisto||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Spočiatku je to trochu hmlisté, potom sa to postupne, keď sledujete veci, ktoré ste si vybrali a ktoré vás zaujímajú, vyjasňuje a máte pocit, že dosahujete stále vyšší a vyšší stupeň porozumenia, čo je nesmierne uspokojujúce. And for most people, who don’t live where the language is spoken, it’s also quite easy to arrange. |||||||||||hovorí||||||dohodnúť |||||||||||||||||договориться |||||||||||||||||організувати ||||||||||||||bastante|||organizar |||||||||||||||||organizar A pre väčšinu ľudí, ktorí nežijú v mieste, kde sa hovorí týmto jazykom, je to tiež pomerne jednoduché. The third issue is purpose. |tretie|||účel ||questão||propósito |третя|питання||мета Treťou otázkou je účel.

Obviously, you have to want to learn that language. Очевидно|||||||| Samozrejme, musíte sa chcieť naučiť tento jazyk. If you are not interested in learning the language, again, you won’t have that sense of purpose. Ak nemáte záujem učiť sa jazyk, opäť nebudete mať ten zmysel. But if you are interested in learning the language for whatever reason, which could include for your job, but might be because of a partner, wife, husband, friend, interest in literature, culture, history, whatever it might be. ||||||||||akýkoľvek|||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||партнёр||||||литература|культура||что угодно||| |||||||||||reason||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||партнер|||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||pode|||||||||interessado|||||||| Ale ak máte záujem učiť sa jazyk z akéhokoľvek dôvodu, napríklad kvôli práci, ale aj kvôli partnerovi, manželke, manželovi, priateľovi, záujmu o literatúru, kultúru, históriu, čokoľvek. So if you have that purpose, if you have an independent approach to your learning and if you have a sense that you are gradually increasing your mastery, these three things are going to keep you motivated. |||||cieľ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Ak teda máte tento cieľ, ak máte nezávislý prístup k učeniu a ak máte pocit, že postupne zvyšujete svoje majstrovstvo, tieto tri veci vás budú motivovať. So those three elements, I guess for the person who is largely motivated to get into that active vocabulary early, could also apply. |||||думаю|||||||||войти в|||активный словарный запас||||| |||||||||||||||||||cedo||| |||||||||||en gran medida||||||||||| |||||вгадати||||||в основному|||отримати|в активний||активний|||||застосовувати Takže tieto tri prvky, myslím, že pre človeka, ktorý je do veľkej miery motivovaný k tomu, aby sa dostal do aktívnej slovnej zásoby čím skôr, by sa tiež mohli uplatniť.

I just feel in my experience that you will never be in a situation where your active vocabulary exceeds your passive vocabulary. ||||||||||||||||||превышает||| ||||||||você||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||prevyšuje||| ||||||||||||||||||supera||| ||||||||||||||||||перевищує||| ||||||||||||||||||przekracza||| Z vlastnej skúsenosti mám pocit, že sa nikdy nedostanete do situácie, keď vaša aktívna slovná zásoba prevýši pasívnu. You will always be in a position where your passive vocabulary exceeds your active vocabulary. |||||||||||prevyšuje||| |||||||||passiva||||| Vždy budete v situácii, keď vaša pasívna slovná zásoba bude prevyšovať vašu aktívnu slovnú zásobu. Now, there could be situations where you have this passive vocabulary. Môžu nastať situácie, keď budete mať pasívnu slovnú zásobu. It’s so passive and your listening skills are so poor that you don’t understand it when someone uses the word in speech; although, you may be able to understand that if you read it. ||||||||||||||||||||||aunque||||||||||| |||||||||fraca|||||||||||||embora||||||||||| Je to také pasívne a vaše schopnosti počúvať sú také slabé, že nerozumiete, keď niekto použije toto slovo v reči; hoci, možno to pochopíte, ak si to prečítate. I mean there are people who read very well and can’t speak, but people who understand very well and not just vaguely what it’s all about, but who genuinely understand clearly what’s being said when the language is spoken, people who understand that well and who have that kind of a passive grasp on the language are going to speak well. |||||||||||||||||||||смутно|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||понимают|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||falada|||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Verständnis|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||naozaj|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||неясно||||||хто|щиро||чітко||||||||||||||||||||||розуміння|||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||vagamente|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||dominio pasivo|||||||| أعني أن هناك أشخاصًا يقرؤون جيدًا ولا يستطيعون التحدث، لكن أشخاصًا يفهمون جيدًا وليس فقط بشكل غامض ما يدور حوله الأمر كله، ولكنهم يفهمون حقًا بوضوح ما يقال عندما يتم التحدث باللغة، أشخاص يفهمون ذلك جيدًا ويفهمون ذلك جيدًا. أولئك الذين لديهم هذا النوع من الفهم السلبي للغة سوف يتحدثون جيدًا.

If they don’t speak well yet it’s because they haven’t spoken enough. |||||todavía|||||hablado|suficiente Ak ešte nehovoria dobre, je to preto, že ešte nehovorili dostatočne. But if they decide to go and speak with that kind of a grasp of the language based on passive vocabulary, they will very quickly become good active users of the language. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||користувачі||| |||||||||||||dominio||||basado en|||||||rápidamente|convertirse en|buenos||usuarios activos||| Ale ak sa rozhodnú ísť a hovoriť s takýmto uchopením jazyka na základe pasívnej slovnej zásoby, veľmi rýchlo sa stanú dobrými aktívnymi používateľmi jazyka. So, a bit of a long rant here on this whole issue of active and passive vocabulary. ||||||речь|||||||||| |||||||||||questão||||| ||||||lange Tirade|||||||||| ||||||rant|||||||||| ||||||wywód|||||||||| ||||||потік думок|||||||||| ||poco||||desahogo largo||||todo|cuestión||||| Takže, trochu dlhé rozprávanie o celej tejto problematike aktívnej a pasívnej slovnej zásoby.

Thank you for listening, bye for now. Ďakujeme, že ste nás počúvali, zatiaľ sa lúčime.