Class 6: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (2) |||Grand Duchy|| Klasse 6: Das Großfürstentum Litauen (2) Clase 6: Gran Ducado de Lituania (2) Classe 6 : Le Grand-Duché de Lituanie (2) Classe 6: Il Granducato di Lituania (2) Klasa 6: Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie (2) Classe 6: O Grão-Ducado da Lituânia (2) Занятие 6: Великое княжество Литовское (2) Заняття 6: Велике князівство Литовське (2) 第六类：立陶宛大公国（2） 第六類：立陶宛大公國（2）

and they're based on oral tradition. ||||mündlich| ||||усна|

So they're pretty good comparatively speaking ||||in comparison| ||||порівняно кажучи|

to historical sources.

And, oh, he also married one of his,

So Yaroslav also married one of his own daughters

to the king of Norway, right?

So we're very, here, connected

to the history of Scandinavia.

And it's inconceivable that he didn't speak |es ist|unvorstellbar|||| ||неможливо уявити|||| И немыслимо, чтобы он не говорил

whatever we wanna call the Swedish language, як би ми не хотіли називати шведську мову,

or whatever we wanna call it at that time. або як би ми цього не хотіли називати в той час.

He did marry another one of his daughters,

this is just something we have to know.

He did marry one of his other daughters 彼は他の娘の一人と結婚しました

to the king of France, which is a fun fact, フランス王と

which every Ukrainian needs for you to know. |||потребує|||| それは、すべてのウクライナ人が知っている必要がある面白い事実です。

So we're gonna make sure that it's in this class.

That would be Yaroslav's favorite daughter

who was called Ana, who was remembered as Anne of Kyiv.

Because from the point of view of Paris,

she was Anne of Kyiv.

She, in the middle of the 11th century,

she was the queen of France.

She was the one who went to Paris and said,

compared to Kyiv, this is kind of dingy and pathetic |||||||düster und erbärmlich|| |||||||dull and shabby||sad and shabby |||||||похмурий і жалюгідний||жалюгідний

and wanted to go back.

So now you know, that's Anne of Kyiv.

So Yaroslav is a Scandinavian prince,

but he is also an inheritor of Byzantine Christianity |||||Erbe||| |||||heir||Eastern Roman| |||||спадкоємець Візантійського християнства|||

from his father.

And he is also the ruler of a Slavic speaking population.

So it's like there's a triangle. |||||трикутник

So on the Byzantine side of the triangle, he builds,

or maybe he completes the church of San Sophia, |||finishes||||| |||завершує|||||

which is the central cathedral in Kyiv,

which still exists.

It exists in a kind in a kind of Baroque reconstruction, |||||||||barocken|

but which still exists and was completed

somewhere around the 1030s.

And it was modeled on Hagiya Sophia in Constantinople. |||modelliert||||| |||inspired|||||

So the main cathedral in Kyiv was modeled on

the main cathedral in Constantinople.

So he's balancing that.

With that church came Greek speaking priests.

The first priests who came to convert the population

were from Constantinople.

They spoke Greek.

And with these Greek priests, and with the conversion

came a certain model of order, |||||порядок

which might seem intuitive to a lot of you. |||intuitiv||||| |||інтуїтивно зрозумілим|||||

It seems so natural, perhaps because

it's now more or less hegemonic, es ist|||||hegemonial |||||dominant |||||домінуючий

but it had to arrive at a certain point,

which is the days of the week.

The days of the week and the idea that the day of rest |||||||||der|||

is the seventh day, Sunday.

Churches and churchyards come with Christianity. ||Kirchhöfen||| ||graveyards of churches|||

The idea that you bury your dead, as I mentioned before, ||||поховати||||||

rather than cremate comes with Christianity.

That you bury them in a certain place,

a cemetery in a churchyard, comes with Christianity. |Friedhof|||||| ||||church grounds|||

So there's a civilizational package,

which comes with the Greek priests.

But interestingly, it is Yaroslav who shifts over ||||||verschiebt|

from Greek priests to local, Slavic speaking priests.

In the year 1051, he manages to have appointed, |||||||призначити

or appoints himself, as the local head of the church, |designates|||||||| |призначає себе||||||||

the metropolitan, a man called Helarion, |metropolitan||||

who was a local Slav and not a Greek.

And somewhere around this time as well,

and this is crucial, the language of the liturgy ||||||||Liturgie ||||||||worship service |||вирішальне значення|||||

gets changed from Greek to old church Slavonic.

So in other words,

there's a big difference between going to church

and hearing a language that you can't understand at all,

to going to church and hearing a language

where you can understand a little bit, right?

So that's basically the shift from Greek

to old church Slavonic.

Greek, from the point of view of Kyiv,

is a foreign language.

Very few people speak Greek.

They're mostly people who have arrived from Constantinople

or Greek traders coming up and down

from the Black Sea coast, as we've talked about,

it's basically a foreign language.

And in the whole history of the Greek church,

the Orthodox church, the Eastern church in Kyiv,

relatively few people learn Greek. відносно||||

Some people do, but relatively few.

Basically very educated churchmen learn Greek. |||духовенство||

Old church Slavonic is a different story.

You'll remember where old church Slavonic came from.

Old church Slavonic is invented by Cyril and Methodius. ||||винайдена||||

It has this journey down to Bulgaria,

and now it arrives in Kyiv.

And it has the huge advantage that it is a Slavic language.

It is based on a Slavic language,

probably the Slavic language that was spoken in Macedonia

by the mother of Cyril and Methodius.

But it's based in a Slavic language.

And therefore, if you're a native speaker

of a Slavic language, you can figure out a lot of it.

So when I studied old, I'm not a native speaker

of Slavic language, but I studied old church Slavonic.

A lot of it was intuitive to me, a thousand years later

and with the funny glycolytic alphabet,

but a lot of it was intuitive to me.

I could look at it and see a lot of it.

So it's not totally impenetrable and, ||||nicht völlig undurchdringlich| ||||not completely inaccessible| ||||неповністю непроникний|

once you start with a Slavic language,

and this is very important,

you can then start to mess with it. du|||||||

You can then take it as a basis of a written language.

And then with time, vernacular words will start ||||Umgangssprache||| ||||common language||| ||||розмовні слова|||

to make their way into the language.

What's the vernacular?

The vernacular is the language as we actually speak it.

As we actually speak it.

And so Slavic words, as people actually spoke them,

made their way into the written language,

thereby enriching it and changing it. |bereichern|||| in that way|enhancing it|||| таким чином|збагачуючи||||

And this language, church Slavonic,

slowly becomes a written language,

which is serving not just the church, ||служить||||

but also the state.

And this is hugely important because,

if you're going to run a state as distinct from a church, ||||||||відмінний від|||

it's good to have law.

It's good to have a language in which

you can record that law.

So old church Slavonic, in the version that it's used

in the Kyivan state, is usually called Chancery Slavonic. |||||||Kanzlei| |||||||Chancery Slavonic| |||||||Канцелярська мова|

Just to make this distinction. ||||щоб зробити розрізнення

Chancery Slavonic.

And this Chancery Slavonic is recorded in, |||||aufgezeichnet|

is the language of a very important text,

which seems to originate with Yaroslav, ||zu|stammen|| |||come from|| |||походити від Ярослава||

and then continues after his time for another century or so,

which is called the Ruska Pravda, or the Russkaya Pravda, ||||Russische||||russischen|Russische Wahrheit

which is a collection of laws.

So there's secular law now. ||weltlich|| ||світський||

There's secular law.

Not just church custom and church law, but secular law. |||звичай||||||

And what the law itself says is itself very revealing. ||||||ist||| |||||||||показово

So now the law becomes a historical source for us.

We don't just have sagas,

we don't just have genealogies, ||||Familiengeschichten ||||family trees

we don't just have, you know,

legends about Rus' written in Kyiv

a century after the events.

We have the law, which was applied in its own time.

What we see in this law are at least two

very important developments. ||дуже важливі події

Number one, you see that the society has shifted

from the kind of society we talked about in the beginning,

which is one where people could be enslaved,

to one in which the chief preoccupation of people ||||der||Hauptanliegen|| ||||||concern|| ||||||головна турбота||

was agriculture, and agriculture is being regulated. |Landwirtschaft||||| |||сільське господарство|||

So we now have a state which is based upon

people generating a surplus in agriculture. |erzeugen|||| |||excess production|| |створення||надлишок продукції||

The classic model, which we see over and over again,

beginning in Mesopotamia,

the classic model, where you can have a city,

and you can have a state with a capital in that city,

because you have rules about how you collect a surplus |||||||||надлишок

from the people who are actually working the land.

Which may be a somewhat exploitative system, |||ein||| |||||unfairly beneficial| |||||експлуататорська|

but it's a very different system than raiding |||||||Überfallführung |||||||attacking a target |||||||рейди/рейди в іграх

and slave trading. |Sklaven|

It's a very different system than raiding and slave trading.

And it describes a relationship between a ruler

and his people, as opposed to a relationship between

people who are just passing through and collecting things

or people that they're going to sell

somewhere further down the river.

So by the time the law is written down,

that transition has been achieved

and we're in a different kind of society.

Maybe even more fundamentally, Vielleicht|||grundlegend

what you see in the Russkaya Pravda, the Ruska Pravda,

is an attempt to make a transition ||спроба||||

from a culture of personal revenge, ||Kultur||| |||||помста

to a culture where disputes are actually settled in courts. |||wo|||||| |||||||вирішуються||

So I'm sure all of you, you know, in your lives,

depending upon where you're from, have some familiarity, |||||||knowledge of

at least from, I don't know, film,

with what I mean by personal revenge.

Where I do something to your clan

and therefore your clan has to do something to my clan,

and this can go on indefinitely, and it can be very costly |dies|||||||||| |||||безкінечно||||||дорого коштувати

and destabilizing. |und destabilisierend

If you're trying to set up a state,

you don't want this clan and this clan

to have a feud indefinitely, right? zu|||Fehde|| |||conflict|for an unknown time| |||ворожнеча|безстроково|

If there's a dispute, like this clan has stolen this, |||conflict|||||| |||суперечка||||||

or this clan has burned down that, or whatever,

you want that dispute to come to me,

you want the dispute to come to the court,

to the state, where it can be resolved. |||||||вирішено

And so one of the things that Ruska Pravda lays down

is what the appropriate penalties are. ||die||| |||відповідні||

So there's a generic penalty rather than personal feuds, |||||||persönlichen| ||||||||conflicts |||загальний|||||ворожнечі

this is the kind of thing that builds up a state.

But, I keep coming back to this,

but a weakness in the state is that it didn't have

the legal structures to allow it to perpetuate itself, ||||||zu|verewigen| |||||||sustain itself| ||||дозволяти|||увічнювати себе|

which one finds surprisingly often is a problem with states.

It's actually, it's kind of the magic of founding a state ||||||||заснування держави||

is how, the German sociologist Max Weber

was also obsessed with this, ||був одержимий цим||

how you get from the stage of founding a state |||||||заснування держави||

to the stage of continuing a state.

Where you might found a state because of some

great achievement or because of some charismatic leader, ||||||charismatisch| |велике досягнення||||||

but neither the achievement nor the charisma lasts. ||||||Charisma|

And so then how do you keep the state actually going?

Maybe you found institutions, |||установи

these institutions sound pretty good,

but how do you make sure that people continue

to believe in them without the achievement

and the charisma somehow backing them up?

In then you event, how can you do it without a procedure? In diesem|||||||||||Verfahren

So, in Kyiv, when we talk about Kyivan Rus,

we're talking about a range of lands, going to the east, |||ein||||||| ||||діапазон земель||||||

going to the north, going a bit to the south

and west of Kyiv.

We're talking about not just Kyiv and Ukraine today,

we're talking about what's now Belarus

and what's now a lot of European Russia.

All the way up to a bit to the east of what's now Moscow.

And these various districts were passed out |||||durchquert|

to the various sons in an extremely confusing order, ||||||||порядок

which honestly no one has figured out. |||||зрозумів|

And one suspects it changed from generation to generation, ||believes||||||

or sometimes that they were just making it up.

And if we don't know it, I think it's forgivable because |||||||||verzeihbar| |||||||||understandable| |||||||||вибачливо|

whatever the rules were, the brothers

were constantly fighting each other.

And if they were constantly fighting each other,

it means that whatever the rules were,

maybe they were contested, or not clear, |sie||||| |||disputed||| |||оспорювані|||

or maybe not taken always seriously.

So the rulers in Kyiv passed out the various districts |die||||||||

to their sons, and there was an idea that a certain son

at some point would become the ruler of Kyiv

and will be superior to all the others,

but that never panned out the way that aber|dass|||||| |||worked out|||| |||не вдалося||||

it was supposed to be.

So after Yaroslav's death in 1054,

we essentially have one long confusing |по суті||||

series of succession crises until the Mongols come in 1241. |||криз спадкоємності|||||

There are however, at least one moment in here

which I want you to mark,

which is the rise of a city called Vladimir,

not the person, the city.

And we're gonna call it Vladimir and not Volodymyr

because this city is all the way out in

the far Eastern extreme of Rus', |||Далекий східний край Русі||

a little bit to the east of where Moscow now is.

I say now, because Moscow didn't exist at the time.

Vladimir, the city, was ruled in the 1160s, 1170s Володимир||||||||