Class 11. Ottoman Retreat, Ukrainian Populism (2) Klas 11. Ottomaanse terugtrekking, Oekraïens populisme (2) Aula 11. Retirada Otomana, Populismo Ucraniano (2) Занятие 11. Османское отступление, украинский популизм (2) 第11课.奥斯曼撤退，乌克兰民粹主义（2）

And then the history of post Mongol statehood |||||||sovereign governance development |||||後の|| Und dann die Geschichte der postmongolischen Staatlichkeit

is the Golden Hoard breaking up into smaller units. ||||分解している|||| zerfällt der Goldene Hort in kleinere Einheiten.

One of those units is Moscow, as we've discussed, right?

The Moscow state is a post Mongol state, |Muscovite||||||

a post Mongol vassal state. |||subordinate state| |||従属国|

Another one of these states is called the Crimean Khanate.

So Khanate, K-H-A-N-A-T-E. Also Khanat, Khanat.

It's called a Khanate because the ruler is called Khan,

K-H-A-N.

So, Muscovite is a post Mongol state |Moscow resident|||||

as we've seen in the sense that

there were princes of Rus there ||noble rulers||| dort waren Fürsten von Rus

who were able to maintain power by collecting the tribute |||||||||tax or payment

for their Mongol overlords. |||rulers or masters

And then eventually after a couple of centuries,

they break free, and then they break out spectacularly ||||||||dramatically вони вириваються на волю, а потім ефектно вириваються

against other European cities and then southward ||||||toward the south

against Muslims, |against Islamic followers

and then eastward all the way to the Pacific ||toward the east||||||Pacific Ocean ||東へ||||||

in a kind of spectacular moment of expansion, ||||remarkable|||

which is not really our subject,

but which is very important for our subject

because it explains how the Russian Empire

is gonna be able to dominate by the 18th century.

The Crimean Khanate is a successor state in a different way. |||||follow-up state|||||

The Crimean Khanate is ruled by princes ||||||noble leaders

who are direct successors, |||direct descendants

direct descendants of Genghis Khan, |lineal descendants||Khan's descendants|Mongol ruler lineage

the Princely class and the Crimean Peninsula |Noble or aristocratic|||||Crimean Peninsula aristocracy

and the Crimean Khanate are direct successors,

by blood, at least so they claim, of Genghis Khan ||||||assert or declare|||

and they are ruling the people.

The people who were there before are Turkic speakers ||||||||Turkic language users

mainly, I don't think I put this on the list,

mainly from a group that we call the Cuman. primarily||||||||Turkic nomads

And the people who come into being as the Crimean Tatars, ||||||||||ethnic group

who were still known as the Crimean Tatars

are a synthesis of the local Turkic speakers ||合成|||||

plus the Mongolian ruling classes who come in later. ||Mongolian elite|||||| ||モンゴルの||||||

Okay so the Crimean Khanate has a political system,

which is interestingly not so different ||surprisingly|||

from Poland, Lithuania.

They have an assembly of nobles, |||gathering of nobles||aristocratic leaders

which is called the (indistinct). ||||unclear term

The Assembly of Nobles theoretically elects the Khan, |||||chooses||

just like the Polish Lithuanian parliament |||||legislative assembly

theoretically elects the king, although in both cases,

strangely, it's the same family Oddly enough||||

that gets elected again and again for a couple of centuries,

which is nice if you can work it out.

We know that the Khan who is the ruler

had a second in command who was called the (indistinct). hatte einen Stellvertreter, der (undeutlich) genannt wurde.

We know that state functions were held by nobles Wir wissen, dass die Staatsämter von Adligen wahrgenommen wurden

from various post Mongol families.

We know that women played a public role

until about the 1560s when they disappear more or less

from the sources. aus den Quellen.

And then we also know,

and this is where things get very interesting,

that the Crimean Tatars and the Crimean Khanate ||クリミアの|||||

had a centuries long encounter with Lithuania,

which, if you look at your map, will begin to make sense.

If you remember in the 14th centuries

on one of your maps, on the one from Magoshi, |||||||||Magoshi's map

you can see the dates he gives for the Lithuanians |||||||||Lithuanian people

moving south into what's now Belarus, what's now Ukraine. 移動する|||||||| nach Süden in das, was jetzt Weißrussland ist, was jetzt die Ukraine ist.

The Lithuanians move relentlessly south |||without stopping|

as a result of the pressure of Teutonic Knights, right? |||||||Germanic|Teutonic Order| als Ergebnis des Drucks der Deutschen Ritter, nicht wahr?

Remember, they move relentlessly south, |||without stopping|

they gather in the lens of Rus, to coin a phrase. |come together|||perspective||||create|| Sie versammeln sich in der Linse von Rus, um einen Satz zu prägen. вони збираються в об'єктиві Русі, якщо можна так висловитися.

And they also, so if you gather in the lens of Rus, |||||||||perspective||

you are going to push up against the Crimean Tatars.

So the Lithuanians and the Crimean Tatars

are fighting regular wars against each other

for decades and decades and decades.

And the Lithuanians, as one does,

are also constantly trying to take advantage

of the various power struggles and succession crises ||||conflicts for power|||succession challenges der verschiedenen Machtkämpfe und Nachfolgekrisen

inside the Crimean Khanate,

which means that the Lithuanians are actually recruiting

dissenters, the people who lose in these power struggles. opposing individuals||||||||power conflicts

There are also prisoners of war.

They're recruiting Crimean Tatars into their own state.

So up until now, we've talked about Lithuania

as being, oh, it's not just a little Baltic state,

look it also controls Belarus,

look, it also controls Ukraine,

look, most of the population is Orthodox.

Oh, and hey, the Lithuanian Grand Duke Oh, und hey, der litauische Großherzog

married the Polish King, who was a girl.

And so Lithuania becomes a much bigger, bigger,

much bigger historical entity

than we're used to thinking about.

But I now wanna add one more dimension.

The Lithuanians had a very meaningful encounter

with the Crimean Tatars,

which meant that among other things,

inside the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, |||territory||

there were lots of Muslims.

For centuries, for centuries,

there were mosques in (indistinct), ||places of worship||

there were mosques in basically every meaningful town

in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

We've come across the city of Ostroh, ||||||Ostroh city

which one of the students kindly asked about,

which is the place where the first full Slavonic Bible ||||||||Ostrog|Ostrog Bible ||||||||eslava|

was printed.

When the first full Slavonic Bible was printed,

there was a mosque in Ostroh. |||Islamic place of worship|| |||モスク||

The famous romantic poet, Adam Mickiewicz, ||||Adam Mickiewicz|Adam Mickiewicz

was born in a town called Novogrudok, ||||||Novogrudok town

or in Belorussian, Navahrudak. ||In Belarusian, Navahrudak|Navahrudak (Belarusian)

That town also had a mosque

because of the Crimean Tatars, right?

Every town that mattered in the Grand Dutch of Lithuania |||was important||||||

had a mosque because of the Crimean Tatars.

So the point here is that for centuries,

there's an encounter between Lithuania and the Tatars ||meeting|||||

because they are at war

and because they have a common border.

And when Lithuania and Poland come together,

then Poland Lithuania, we can think about it like that,

from 1386 onward, Poland Lithuania also has durable contact ||||||lasting| |以降|||||| |en adelante||||||

with the Crimean Tatars.

And this is a very important part

of Polish Lithuanian identity.

If you go to the Royal Museum in Warsaw, ||||||||the Polish capital

which I recommend, and you walk into it,

you'll wonder why like you were in the first room

and suddenly there are all these scimitars with gems ||||||curved swords||precious stones ||||||曲刀|| ||||||cimitarras||

and things like this, and you think, wow,

this must be like war booty that the Poles |||||war spoils|||

took from their enemies.

But it's not, it's the swords they used themselves

because they synthesized what they learned ||combined and applied||| |彼ら||||

from their long encounter with the Crimean Tatars.

Okay, so the Crimean Tatars are an important state

for several hundred years.

The tragedy of the Crimean Khanate is that they fall under

Ottoman dependency at about the same time |オスマン依存関係|||||

that the Ottoman Empire itself begins to weaken.

That's it in a word. それが|||| Das ist es in einem Wort.

So somewhere around 1650,

the Crimean Khanate yields to the Ottomans |||surrenders to|||Ottoman Empire |||屈服する|||

in terms of setting its own policy.

There had been a kind of interaction of equals ||||||||equal status

for a couple of hundred years where the Ottomans

basically farmed out their northern foreign policy |delegated||||| |外注された|||||

to the Crimean Khanate

and the Crimean Khanate, you know,

decided what was going to happen with Moscow,

with the Poles, with the Lithuanians. ||Polish people|||

Around 1650, it looks like the Ottomans

are basically taking control.

And the problem with this is that it's around this time

that the Ottoman Empire becomes weak.

Okay, so let me briefly now try to do the Ottoman Empire. |||||||||||Ottoman Empire Okay, also lassen Sie mich jetzt kurz versuchen, das Osmanische Reich zu tun.

From our point of view, what's crucial for the Ottomans

is the Ottoman Empire as a European power.

Of course, the Ottoman Empire also controls Northern Africa.

It also controls Arab lands.

It also controls the Near East into Persia. |||||||modern-day Iran

But the Ottoman Empire, from our point of view

in this very brief synthesis, |||concise|summary

we have to think of it as a European power

which is pulling back from Europe in the 17th century, okay? яка відходить від Європи 17-го століття, ясно?

That's the crucial thing. ||most important part|Key element

The Ottoman Empire is gaining control ||||acquiring|

over the Crimean Khanate, |||Khanate of Crimea

but losing control of everything else.

So you can justify thinking of the Ottoman Empire |||rationalize|||||

as a European power.

The Ottomans, so the Osman family, ||||Ottoman dynasty founder|

that's why they're called the Ottomans, the Osman family,

O-S-M-O-N, they gain control of Anatolia, today's Turkey, |||||||||modern-day Turkey||

for the same reason that the Lithuanians ||||||the Lithuanians

gain control of territory north of the Black Sea.

The Osman family gains control of territory

south of the Black Sea, because the Mongols fragment südlich des Schwarzen Meeres, weil das Mongolenfragment на південь від Чорного моря, бо монголи фрагментують

and pull back, right? und zurückziehen, oder?

So whereas the Lithuanians rush in north of the Black Sea, ||||move quickly||||||

the Ottomans rush in south of the Black Sea,

and they conquer Anatolia.

The next thing they do is they conquer the Balkans. |||||||||Southeast European region

So the Ottomans are a European power,

basically from the beginning.

They conquer other things as well,

but they're a European power from the start.

From our point of view, again, there's much else to say, Aus unserer Sicht gibt es noch viel mehr zu sagen,

but from our point of view, the crucial struggle, aber aus unserer Sicht der entscheidende Kampf,

and I'm afraid this is where the geography

has to add one more dimension.

The crucial struggle is between the Ottomans

and the Hapsburgs. ||Austrian royal family

The Hapsburgs, who we're gonna hear a lot about

after the exam a week from now, nach der Prüfung in einer Woche,

the Hapsburgs are the family that rules from Vienna,

which also has a big age of exploration, age of discovery,

world empire, which we're gonna talk about.

The Ottomans are a very important land empire,

which has been boxed up in the Eastern Mediterranean |||contained||||| який був замкнений у Східному Середземномор'ї

by superior navys, ||military fleets

and never breaks out into the wider world, right? und bricht nie in die weite Welt aus, oder?

So the Ottomans are in this category of powers

that don't make it into this, if you want, globalization, die es nicht in diese, wenn Sie wollen, Globalisierung schaffen,

this age of discovery.

They're very powerful, they control an awful lot of land.

But unlike the Russian Empire, unlike, and of course, Aber im Gegensatz zum Russischen Reich, anders und natürlich

unlike the Portuguese, the Spanish and so on,

they don't break outta the Mediterranean.

They're stuck in the Mediterranean.

So from the point of view of Istanbul, |||||||the city’s perspective

the natural vector of expansion is northward. ||||growth or spread||toward the north der natürliche Expansionsvektor ist nach Norden.

And the story of the 16th and 17th centuries

is a couple of attempts to besiege and control ||||siege efforts||lay siege to|| ||||||包囲する||

the Hapsburg capital, which is Vienna. |Austrian royal||||

In my other class,

I spent a lot of time talking about this.

Here we can only do it very briefly,

but the crucial point is that a couple of times

the Ottomans try and fail to take Vienna. |||||||ウィーン

They try and fail in 1526.

In 1526, they gain control of a lot of territory.

They gain control of the land

which is on the west side of the Black Sea, Moldavia, ||||||||||eastern Romania region

Wallachia, the west side of the Black Sea. Western Black Sea||||||| ワラキア|||||||

They gain control of most of Hungary, ||||||the country

but they don't take Vienna.

They're gonna sit in Hungary for 150 years,

but they don't get to Vienna.

They try again in 1683.

And this is a crucial turning point for a lot of people.

1683 is the famous moment

when the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth

lifts the Ottoman siege of Vienna. highlights|||blockade|| ウィーンのオスマン帝国の包囲を解除する。

In sort of conventional histories of Europe ||||歴史書|| ヨーロッパの一般的な歴史において、

and how Europe is built, this is a hugely important moment そしてヨーロッパがどのように構築されているか、これは非常に重要な瞬間です

because it's counter-reformation, Catholicism, ||||Catholic Church denn es ist Gegenreformation, Katholizismus,

Vienna and Warsaw together

defeating this Islamic army around Vienna. overcoming||Muslim|||

So huge amounts of Baroque painting and symbolism ||||ornate, elaborate style|||hidden meanings

and recollection along those lines of this event. |memory|||||| und Erinnerung entlang dieser Linien dieses Ereignisses.

From our point of view, this has some different resonances. |||||||||different implications |||||||||共鳴

So the king of Poland, who liberates Vienna, ||||||frees|

who raises the Ottoman siege of Vienna, ||||military blockade attempt|responsible for ending|

who's called Sobieski, ||named Sobieski

I probably forgot to put his name on there. Wahrscheinlich habe ich vergessen, seinen Namen dort anzugeben.

By the way, there are two sides on the term sheet today, Übrigens gibt es heute zwei Seiten auf dem Term Sheet,

because that's the kind of day we're having. denn das ist die Art von Tag, den wir haben.

Jan Sobieski is the king of Poland.

When he liberates, as Ukrainians will tell you, Wenn er befreit, wie die Ukrainer Ihnen sagen werden, Коли він звільнить, як вам скажуть українці,

so you should visit this if you're in Vienna,

which I know you all now will be, |||あなたたち||||

if you're in Vienna, the little mountain

from which the Polish Lithuanian army comes down

is called the Kahlenberg. |||the Kahlenberg

And you can walk up it, it's a nice hike. |||||||||pleasant walk

You can take the bus up and walk down,

if you're not that energetic, there's ice cream at the top. Wenn Sie nicht so energisch sind, gibt es oben Eis.

Lovely views, strongly recommend.

Oh, and on the way down there are these places called Oh, und auf dem Weg nach unten gibt es diese Orte, die genannt werden

(indistinct), which have fresh wine

and like very simple food, and it's lovely.

So you should definitely all do this.

But as any Ukrainian will tell you,

when the Polish Lithuanian army comes crashing down |||||||崩壊する

that mountain, they have 5,000 Ukrainian Cossacks with them,

okay?

5,000 Ukrainian Cossacks.

And then this brings us to the more interesting thing.

There was a problem, there were many interesting problems

between the Austrian command and the Polish command.